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Pancreatic Juice and Secretion

Pancreatic Juice and Secretion

Pancreatic juice is a clear fluid produced by the pancreas, containing water, salts, sodium bicarbonate, and enzymes vital for digestion in the small intestine. It helps break down large molecules, facilitating nutrient absorption.
When acidic chyme from the stomach enters the duodenum, it triggers the release of secretin, a hormone that prompts pancreatic juice secretion. After a fatty meal, cholecystokinin, another hormone, stimulates gallbladder contraction and enhances enzyme-rich...

Acute Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Acute Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas, an organ located behind the stomach. It can be either acute or chronic.
Acute pancreatitis is characterized by rapid inflammation of the pancreas, often caused by factors like gallstone blockage or excessive alcohol consumption. Chronic pancreatitis, on the other hand, is a slow, progressive inflammation that may result from long-term alcohol abuse, obstructions in the pancreatic duct, or genetic factors.
The causes of acute pancreatitis include:

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

The pancreas, an elongated and flat gland situated behind the stomach, serves a vital function in digesting food and managing blood sugar levels.
Pancreatitis is the inflammation of the pancreas, which occurs when the immune system becomes active and causes swelling, pain, and disruptions in organ function. Pancreatitis can manifest as either an acute or chronic condition.
Acute pancreatitis arises suddenly and lasts for a brief duration, while chronic pancreatitis is a long-term affliction...

Chronic Pancreatitis II: Collaborative Care

Chronic Pancreatitis II: Collaborative Care

The management of chronic pancreatitis is multifaceted, involving a comprehensive approach that includes thorough assessment, diagnostic testing, and a variety of management strategies.
Assessment:

Acute Pancreatitis II: Clinical Manifestations and Management

Acute Pancreatitis II: Clinical Manifestations and Management

Acute pancreatitis presents a complex medical emergency characterized by rapid onset inflammation of the pancreas, demanding timely diagnosis and management to prevent complications. The condition primarily manifests through severe upper abdominal pain that often radiates to the back. This pain intensifies following the consumption of fatty foods. Accompanying symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal distention, fever, dyspnea, cyanosis, and jaundice can vary in intensity but significantly...

Tumor Immunotherapy

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Human Neuroendocrine Tumor Cell Lines as a Three-Dimensional Model for the Study of Human Neuroendocrine Tumor Therapy

Human Neuroendocrine Tumor Cell Lines as a Three-Dimensional Model for the Study of Human Neuroendocrine Tumor Therapy

Published on: August 14, 2012

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.

Giampaolo Perri¹, Laura R Prakash, Matthew H G Katz

¹Department of Surgical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA.

Current Opinion in Gastroenterology

|July 16, 2019

Summary

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs) are rare and varied. Management depends on grade and stage, with surgery for localized disease and other therapies for advanced cases.

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Last Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Human Neuroendocrine Tumor Cell Lines as a Three-Dimensional Model for the Study of Human Neuroendocrine Tumor Therapy

Human Neuroendocrine Tumor Cell Lines as a Three-Dimensional Model for the Study of Human Neuroendocrine Tumor Therapy

Published on: August 14, 2012

Establishment and Characterization of Small Bowel Neuroendocrine Tumor Spheroids

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Published on: October 14, 2019

Isolation of Proximal Fluids to Investigate the Tumor Microenvironment of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma

Isolation of Proximal Fluids to Investigate the Tumor Microenvironment of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma

Published on: November 5, 2020

Area of Science:

Oncology
Gastroenterology
Endocrinology

Background:

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs) are rare, heterogeneous neoplasms with variable malignant potential.
Recent literature updates have revised classification, prognostic criteria, and diagnostic/therapeutic guidelines for pNETs.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current understanding and management strategies for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.
To highlight updated diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines based on recent scientific literature.

Main Methods:

Review of current scientific literature on pNETs.
Analysis of updated classification, prognostic stratification, and consensus guidelines.
Evaluation of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.

Main Results:

Most pNETs are incidentally found on imaging.
Tumor grade and stage dictate biologic behavior and treatment.
Surgery is curative for localized pNETs; observation may be suitable for small, nonfunctioning G1 tumors.
Liver metastases management includes surgery and liver-directed therapies.
For unresectable disease, somatostatin analogs, everolimus, PRRT, and chemotherapy prolong survival.

Conclusions:

Management of pNETs requires individualized strategies based on tumor characteristics.
Surgical resection remains the primary curative option for localized pNETs.
Multimodal therapies are crucial for managing advanced or metastatic pNETs, improving patient survival.