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Related Concept Videos

Exercise and Muscle Performance01:27

Exercise and Muscle Performance

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Exercise induces a range of adaptations in muscle tissue, depending on the type and duration of activity. Such physical training can be broadly categorized into two types: endurance exercises and resistance exercises.
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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Resistivity01:22

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When a voltage is applied to a conductor, an electrical field is generated, and charges in the conductor feel the force due to the electrical field. The current density that results depends on the electrical field and the properties of the material. In some materials, including metals at a given temperature, the current density is approximately proportional to the electrical field. In these cases, the current density can be modeled as:
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When a current moves through any conductor, the conductor causes some level of difficulty for the current to flow. The measure of that difficulty is known as the resistance of the material and is represented by R. Every material has its own resistance. In the case of conductors, heat is emitted whenever a current passes through them. Resistance depends on the resistivity of the material. Resistivity is a characteristic of the material used to fabricate electrical components, whereas the...
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Regular physical activity is essential for maintaining cardiovascular health, with aerobic exercises being particularly effective. According to the American Heart Association, 150 minutes of moderate to intense aerobic exercise per week is recommended for a healthy heart. Aerobic activities may include brisk walking, running, bicycling, cross-country skiing, and swimming, ideally performed three to five times per week.
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Related Experiment Video

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Application of Chronic Stimulation to Study Contractile Activity-induced Rat Skeletal Muscle Phenotypic Adaptations
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Resistance Exercise-induced Changes in Muscle Phenotype Are Load Dependent.

Changhyun Lim1,2, Hyo Jeong Kim3, Robert W Morton1

  • 1Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Ontario, CANADA.

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Lower-load resistance exercise training (RET) effectively increased mitochondrial proteins, while muscle mass and strength gains were similar across loads when exercises were performed to volitional fatigue. This highlights the importance of training intensity and fatigue in RET outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Exercise Physiology
  • Muscle Biology
  • Mitochondrial Function

Background:

  • Lower-load (LL), higher-repetition resistance exercise training (RET) can yield similar muscle mass gains as higher-load (HL), lower-repetition RET.
  • Limited understanding exists regarding the impact of LL vs. HL RET on satellite cells, myonuclei, and mitochondrial proteins.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate changes in muscle mass, strength, satellite cell activity, myonuclear addition, and mitochondrial protein content following prolonged LL and HL RET.
  • To compare the effects of different resistance training loads and repetition schemes on key muscle adaptation markers.

Main Methods:

  • 21 young men underwent 10 weeks of RET (leg press, leg extension, leg curl) three times per week.
  • Training conditions included 80% one-repetition maximum (1RM) to fatigue (80FAIL), 30% 1RM with volume matched (30WM), and 30% 1RM to fatigue (30FAIL).
  • Skeletal muscle biopsies of the vastus lateralis were collected pre- and post-intervention.

Main Results:

  • Both 30FAIL and 80FAIL groups showed significant increases in peak torque and type I fiber cross-sectional area.
  • The 30FAIL group demonstrated a significant decrease in the myonuclear domain of type II muscle fibers.
  • Mitochondrial proteins involved in autophagy, fission, and fusion increased significantly only in the 30FAIL group.

Conclusions:

  • LL RET, when performed to volitional fatigue, is effective in enhancing mitochondrial protein content.
  • Muscle mass and strength adaptations to RET are independent of training load, provided repetitions are executed to volitional fatigue.