Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Amines to Amides: Acylation of Amines01:19

Amines to Amides: Acylation of Amines

3.4K
Various carboxylic acid derivatives (such as acid chlorides, esters, and anhydrides) can be used for the acylation of amines to yield amides. The reaction requires two equivalents of amines. The first amine molecule functions as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to produce a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the loss of the leaving group and restoration of the C=O bond.
Next, the second equivalent of amine serves as a Brønsted base and deprotonates the quaternary...
3.4K
Mechanical Protein Functions01:58

Mechanical Protein Functions

5.5K
Proteins perform many mechanical functions in a cell. These proteins can be classified into two general categories- proteins that generate mechanical forces and proteins that are subjected to mechanical forces. Proteins providing mechanical support to the structure of the cell, such as keratin, are subjected to mechanical force, whereas proteins involved in cell movement and transport of molecules across cell membranes, such as an ion pump, are examples of generating mechanical force. 
5.5K
Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives01:15

Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

4.8K
Nucleophilic acyl substitution is an important class of substitution reactions involving a nucleophile and an acyl compound, such as carboxylic acids and their derivatives. In these reactions, the leaving group attached to the acyl group is substituted by a nucleophile. The general mechanism proceeds via two steps.
4.8K
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Friedel–Crafts Acylation of Benzene01:11

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Friedel–Crafts Acylation of Benzene

8.7K
The Friedel–Crafts acylation reactions involve the addition of an acyl group to an aromatic ring. These reactions proceed via electrophilic aromatic substitution by employing an acyl chloride and a Lewis acid catalyst such as aluminum chloride to form aryl ketone.
8.7K
α-Alkylation of Ketones via Enolate Ions01:10

α-Alkylation of Ketones via Enolate Ions

3.8K
Ketones with α protons are deprotonated by strong bases like lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) to form enolate ions. The anion is stabilized by resonance, and its hybrid structure exhibits negative charges on the carbonyl oxygen and the α carbon. This ambident nucleophile can attack an electrophile via two possible sites: the carbonyl oxygen, known as O-attack, or the α carbon, known as C-attack. The nucleophilic attack via the carbanionic site is preferred. This is due to the...
3.8K
Factors Affecting α-Alkylation of Ketones: Choice of Base01:10

Factors Affecting α-Alkylation of Ketones: Choice of Base

3.6K
α-Alkylation of ketones is achieved in the presence of alkyl halides and a base. The reaction proceeds via the formation of an enolate ion followed by nucleophilic substitution. The choice of base employed is essential as it is the key factor in determining the reaction outcome.
The reaction involving bases like EtO− whose conjugate acid EtOH (pKa = 15.9) is stronger than the ketone (pKa = 19.2) results in an equilibrium mixture with higher ketone concentration. As a consequence,...
3.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Pentasilacyclopentadienide: A Hückel aromatic species at the border of resonance and equilibrium.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2026
Same author

Ring Strain-Promoted Activation of Pyridines by a Saturated BSi<sub>2</sub> Cycle.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2025
Same author

Conjugated Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Polymers with p-Block Elements.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2025
Same author

Monolithic 850 nm VCSEL array for quantum key distribution applications via the polarization-based BB84 and decoy-state protocol.

Optics letters·2025
Same author

Monolithic integration of one VCSEL on a single mode fiber.

Nanophotonics (Berlin, Germany)·2025
Same author

Heterobimetallic unsaturated silicon clusters (siliconoids) with transition metal-expanded scaffolds.

Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Detection of Protein S-Acylation using Acyl-Resin Assisted Capture
08:31

Detection of Protein S-Acylation using Acyl-Resin Assisted Capture

Published on: April 10, 2020

10.7K

Persistent Digermenes with Acyl and α-Chlorosilyl Functionalities.

Lukas Klemmer1, Yvonne Kaiser1, Volker Huch1

  • 1Krupp Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|July 16, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers synthesized novel digermenes with a germanium-germanium double bond. These compounds exhibit unique stability and reactivity, unlike transient disilenes, offering new avenues in organometallic chemistry.

Keywords:
cycloadditiondigermenesdouble bondsgermaniumisomerization

More Related Videos

Metal-free Synthesis of Ynones from Acyl Chlorides and Potassium Alkynyltrifluoroborate Salts
09:58

Metal-free Synthesis of Ynones from Acyl Chlorides and Potassium Alkynyltrifluoroborate Salts

Published on: February 24, 2015

11.7K
Metabolic Glycoengineering of Sialic Acid Using N-acyl-modified Mannosamines
12:06

Metabolic Glycoengineering of Sialic Acid Using N-acyl-modified Mannosamines

Published on: November 25, 2017

13.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Detection of Protein S-Acylation using Acyl-Resin Assisted Capture
08:31

Detection of Protein S-Acylation using Acyl-Resin Assisted Capture

Published on: April 10, 2020

10.7K
Metal-free Synthesis of Ynones from Acyl Chlorides and Potassium Alkynyltrifluoroborate Salts
09:58

Metal-free Synthesis of Ynones from Acyl Chlorides and Potassium Alkynyltrifluoroborate Salts

Published on: February 24, 2015

11.7K
Metabolic Glycoengineering of Sialic Acid Using N-acyl-modified Mannosamines
12:06

Metabolic Glycoengineering of Sialic Acid Using N-acyl-modified Mannosamines

Published on: November 25, 2017

13.3K

Area of Science:

  • Organometallic Chemistry
  • Silicon and Germanium Chemistry

Background:

  • Digermenes, compounds featuring a germanium-germanium double bond (Ge=Ge), are typically transient and reactive species.
  • Understanding the stability and reactivity of digermenes is crucial for advancing organometallic chemistry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize novel α-chlorosilyl- and acyl-substituted digermenes.
  • To investigate the stability, reactivity, and structural properties of these digermenes compared to disilenes.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of α-chlorosilyl- and acyl-substituted digermenes.
  • Isolation and characterization of triphenylsilyldigermene as a crystalline model compound.
  • Spectroscopic and computational analyses to determine the structure of 1-adamantoyldigermene.

Main Results:

  • The synthesized digermenes show a low tendency for cyclization, contrasting with transient disilenes.
  • These digermenes are prone to thermal cleavage of the Ge=Ge bond.
  • Triphenylsilyldigermene represents the first fully characterized neutral digermene with an A₂GeGeAB substitution pattern.
  • 1-adamantoyldigermene is the first persistent digermene featuring a heavy double bond conjugated with a carbonyl group.

Conclusions:

  • Novel substituted digermenes can be synthesized and characterized.
  • These digermenes exhibit distinct stability and reactivity profiles compared to disilenes.
  • The findings open new possibilities for utilizing digermenes in synthetic chemistry.