Hookworm infection aggravates metabolic disorder in obesity

Obesity and ancylostomiasis are considered public health problems. Recent studies have shown that infection by intestinal helminths in obese individuals can ameliorate metabolic disorder and improve glucose tolerance by decreasing both insulin resistance and low-intensity inflammation. However, few helminth species have been studied in this context, and some modulation mechanisms still require deeper investigation. Therefore, the present work aimed to investigate the role of experimental infection with Ancylostoma ceylanicum in the modulation of the immune response in an obese experimental model. Four groups of hamsters were used as follows: two groups were submitted to a hyperlipidic and hypercaloric diet capable of inducing obesity, one infected and the other uninfected; and two normonourished control groups, one infected and one uninfected by A. ceylanicum. Biochemical, haematological, parasitological and immunological parameters were evaluated. The results demonstrated that A. ceylanicum infection accentuated weight loss in obese animals compared to normonourished animals. However, obesity reduced the recovery of worms and oviposition of the females, and both infected groups showed decreased levels of haemoglobin, albumin, iron and erythrocytes. Significant relations were observed for pathogenesis in the following cases: infection interfered in lipid metabolism, which increased levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides in the obese group, and caused a decrease in HDL levels in both groups. Obesity led to an increase in glucose levels, and the infection exacerbated this parameter in both the normonourished and obese groups. Inflammation was intensified in obese animals that showed elevated macrophage and neutrophil activation in adipose tissue, enlargement of the spleen and accumulation of lipids in the liver and faeces. Despite the decrease in IFN-γ levels, the infection did not potentiated the expression of the Foxp3, IL-10 and IL-2 transcription factor for any of the infected groups, markers that could positively compensate the host from the damage caused by obesity.