Clinical implications of coagulotoxic variations in Mamushi (Viperidae: Gloydius) snake venoms

Snake bite is currently one of the most neglected tropical diseases affecting much of the developing world. Asian pit vipers are responsible for a considerable amount of envenomations annually and bites can cause a multitude of clinical complications resulting from coagulopathic and neuropathic effects. While intense research has been undertaken for some species of Asian pit viper, functional coagulopathic effects have been neglected for others. We investigated their effects upon the human clotting cascade using venoms of four species of Gloydius and Ovophis okinavensis, a species closely to Gloydius. All species of included within this investigation displayed varying fibrinogenolytic effects, resulting in a net anticoagulant outcome. Gloydius saxatilis and Gloydius ussuriensis displayed the most variable effects from differing localities, sampled from Russia and Korea. As this Gloydius investigation includes some geographical variation, notable results indicate key variations of these species that point to possible limitations in antivenom cross-reactivities, which may have implications for the clinical care of victims envenomed by these snakes.