Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Molecular Models02:00

Molecular Models

43.6K
Physical models representing molecular architectures of chemical compounds play essential roles in understanding chemistry. The use of molecular models makes it easier to visualize the structures and shapes of atoms and molecules.
43.6K
Fixed Action Patterns01:06

Fixed Action Patterns

17.5K
A fixed action pattern (FAP) is a specific, hard-wired sequence of behaviors that occurs in response to an external stimulus, called a sign stimulus. The behavior is “fixed” because it is essentially unchangeable—proceeding similarly across individuals of a species every time it occurs.
17.5K
Molecular Orbital Theory II03:51

Molecular Orbital Theory II

27.0K
Molecular Orbital Energy Diagrams
27.0K
Dimensional Analysis03:40

Dimensional Analysis

60.2K
Dimensional analysis, also known as the factor label method, is a versatile approach for mathematical operations. The main principle behind this approach is: the units of quantities must be subjected to the same mathematical operations as their associated numbers. This method can be applied to computations ranging from simple unit conversions to more complex and multi-step calculations involving several different quantities and their units.
Conversion Factors and Dimensional Analysis
The unit...
60.2K
Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

20.0K
Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
20.0K
Molecular Orbital Theory I02:35

Molecular Orbital Theory I

47.1K
Overview of Molecular Orbital Theory
47.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Temporally Delayed Deployment of Photo-Responsive Liquid Crystal Polymer Networks Toward Neural Interfaces.

Advanced healthcare materials·2026
Same author

Phase-Change Silicone Elastomers for Tough, Soft Actuators.

Macromolecules·2026
Same author

Multifunctional Ionene Liquid Crystal Elastomers.

ACS applied materials & interfaces·2025
Same author

Controlled Release of Microorganisms from Engineered Living Materials.

ACS applied materials & interfaces·2025
Same author

Redefining the limits of actuating fibers via mesophase control: From contraction to elongation.

Science advances·2025
Same author

Azobenzene-Functionalized Semicrystalline Liquid Crystal Elastomer Springs for Underwater Soft Robotic Actuators.

Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2024
Same journal

Polarization-State-Dependent Charge Screening in Metal-Ferroelectric-Metal Memcapacitors Enabled by an IGZO Oxygen Reservoir Layer.

ACS applied materials & interfaces·2026
Same journal

Enabling Closed-Loop Recycling of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Composites: A Dynamic Network Strategy Based on Cardanol-Derived Amines and Lignin-Derived Carbonates.

ACS applied materials & interfaces·2026
Same journal

Unconventional Phase Shift in Spin Hall Magnetoresistance of Antiferromagnetic Insulators.

ACS applied materials & interfaces·2026
Same journal

The Evolving Landscape of Terahertz Biosensing: From Sensitivity to Precision.

ACS applied materials & interfaces·2026
Same journal

π-π Stacking Enhanced Generation of Reactive Species in Donor-Acceptor Heterojunctions for High-Efficiency Photocatalytic Degradation of Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds under Solar Light.

ACS applied materials & interfaces·2026
Same journal

Interfacial Engineering of Frustrated Lewis Pairs for Promoting Cellulose-to-Sorbitol Cascade Conversion.

ACS applied materials & interfaces·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Creating Two-Dimensional Patterned Substrates for Protein and Cell Confinement
08:36

Creating Two-Dimensional Patterned Substrates for Protein and Cell Confinement

Published on: September 6, 2011

13.0K

Voxelated Molecular Patterning in Three-Dimensional Freeforms.

Mohsen Tabrizi1, Taylor H Ware2, M Ravi Shankar1

  • 1Department of Industrial Engineering, Swanson School of Engineering , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15261 , United States.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|July 17, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new 3D printing method for liquid crystalline polymers (LCPs) that allows precise control over material response. This innovation enables the creation of complex, stimulus-responsive structures for advanced applications.

Keywords:
4D printingadditive manufacturingliquid crystal polymerssmart materialssoft robotics

More Related Videos

Three-dimensional Patterning of Engineered Biofilms with a Do-it-yourself Bioprinter
08:40

Three-dimensional Patterning of Engineered Biofilms with a Do-it-yourself Bioprinter

Published on: May 16, 2019

10.2K
Using Informational Connectivity to Measure the Synchronous Emergence of fMRI Multi-voxel Information Across Time
07:12

Using Informational Connectivity to Measure the Synchronous Emergence of fMRI Multi-voxel Information Across Time

Published on: July 1, 2014

12.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Creating Two-Dimensional Patterned Substrates for Protein and Cell Confinement
08:36

Creating Two-Dimensional Patterned Substrates for Protein and Cell Confinement

Published on: September 6, 2011

13.0K
Three-dimensional Patterning of Engineered Biofilms with a Do-it-yourself Bioprinter
08:40

Three-dimensional Patterning of Engineered Biofilms with a Do-it-yourself Bioprinter

Published on: May 16, 2019

10.2K
Using Informational Connectivity to Measure the Synchronous Emergence of fMRI Multi-voxel Information Across Time
07:12

Using Informational Connectivity to Measure the Synchronous Emergence of fMRI Multi-voxel Information Across Time

Published on: July 1, 2014

12.7K

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Additive Manufacturing

Background:

  • Patterning material response at the voxel level is crucial for creating functional macroscopic devices.
  • Liquid crystalline polymers (LCPs) offer potential for controlled actuation but require precise 3D molecular orientation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a method for fabricating 3D freeform LCPs with indexably defined molecular directors.
  • To enable the creation of complex, stimulus-responsive structures using additive manufacturing.

Main Methods:

  • Combines anisotropic magnetic susceptibility of LCP monomers in a reorientable magnetic field with spatially selective photopolymerization.
  • Utilizes a digital micromirror device for independent control of molecular orientation in multimaterial elements.
  • Optimizes monomer compositions with photoinitiators, absorbers, and inhibitors to tune polymerization while retaining nematic alignment.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrates fabrication of complex 3D structures, including re-entrant shapes, with controlled light or heat responsiveness.
  • Achieves thermomechanical generation of Gaussian-curved structures and light-responsive freeform topographies.
  • Creates multiresponsive manipulators powered along independent axes by heat and/or light.

Conclusions:

  • The developed framework enables arbitrary tailoring of mechanical output directions in 3D freeforms.
  • This approach opens new design possibilities for soft robotics, micromechanical/fluidic systems, and optomechanical systems.
  • Highlights the integration of multiple stimuli responses within complex, additively manufactured LCPs.