Tin Oxide Based Nanomaterials and Their Application as Anodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries and Beyond

Herein, recent progress in the field of tin oxide (SnO₂ )-based nanosized and nanostructured materials as conversion and alloying/dealloying-type anodes in lithium-ion batteries and beyond (sodium- and potassium-ion batteries) is briefly discussed. The first section addresses the importance of the initial SnO₂ micro- and nanostructure on the conversion and alloying/dealloying reaction upon lithiation and its impact on the microstructure and cyclability of the anodes. A further section is dedicated to recent advances in the fabrication of diverse 0D to 3D nanostructures to overcome stability issues induced by large volume changes during cycling. Additionally, the role of doping on conductivity and synergistic effects of redox-active and -inactive dopants on the reversible lithium-storage capacity and rate capability are discussed. Furthermore, the synthesis and electrochemical properties of nanostructured SnO₂ /C composites are reviewed. The broad research spectrum of SnO₂ anode materials is finally reflected in a brief overview of recent work published on Na- and K-ion batteries.