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Range00:59

Range

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The range is one of the measures of variation. It can be defined as the difference between a dataset's highest and lowest values. For example, in the study of seven 16-ounce soda cans, the filled volume of soda was measured, thus producing the following amount (in ounces) of soda:
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In the field of psychology, there are several ways to organize measurements of a trait, feature, or characteristic (i.e., variables). Qualitative data, such as ethnicity, can be tabulated into a frequency count to provide information about the proportion, as well as the variety of groups in a sample or population. On the other hand, researchers can perform a wider set of calculations on quantitative data. The mean, mode, and median, for instance, are central tendency measures to identify a...
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Consider a cylindrical shaft with a length denoted by L and a consistent cross-sectional radius referred to as r. This shaft undergoes a torque at the free end. The highest shearing strain within the shaft is directly proportional to the twist angle and the radial distance from the shaft axis. When the shaft behaves elastically, this shearing strain can be articulated using variables such as the applied torque, radial distance, the polar moment of inertia, and the modulus of rigidity. By...
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Related Experiment Video

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A Fluorescence-based Assay of Phospholipid Scramblase Activity
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Long-range excitations in phospholipid membranes.

Sebastian Jaksch1, Alexandros Koutsioubas1, Stefan Mattauch1

  • 1Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, JCNS at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum, Lichtenberstraße 1, 85747 Garching, Germany.

Chemistry and Physics of Lipids
|July 17, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Researchers discovered long-range thermal excitations in phospholipid membranes, behaving like quasi-particles called smomons. These surface mode phonons are abundant at physiological temperatures, influencing cell membrane functions.

Keywords:
GINSESGISANSGrazing incidence neutron spin echoGrazing incidence small-angle neutron scatteringMembrane dynamicsPhospholipids

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Materials Science
  • Soft Matter Physics

Background:

  • Phospholipid membranes are crucial for cellular functions.
  • Understanding their dynamic properties is key to cell biology.
  • Long-range correlations in membranes are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate long-range excitations and correlated structures in phospholipid membranes.
  • To determine the temperature dependence of these membrane properties.
  • To explore the fundamental nature and potential functions of these excitations.

Main Methods:

  • Grazing-incidence neutron spin echo spectroscopy.
  • Grazing-incidence small-angle neutron scattering.
  • Theoretical calculations inspired by smectic-membrane theory.

Main Results:

  • Confirmed the existence of thermal excitations within the plane of phospholipid membranes.
  • Observed temperature-dependent in-plane correlations (100 nm at physiological temperatures, 75 nm at 16°C).
  • Excitations exhibit energies in the μeV-regime and are abundant at physiological temperatures, suppressed below 20°C.

Conclusions:

  • The observed excitations exhibit properties consistent with quasi-particles (surface mode phonons or smomons).
  • These smomons play a potential role in cell membrane stability and energy dissipation.
  • The findings provide fundamental insights into the dynamic behavior of phospholipid membranes.