Programmable graphene nanobubbles with three-fold symmetric pseudo-magnetic fields

Area of Science:

• Condensed Matter Physics
• Materials Science
• Nanotechnology

Background:

• Graphene nanobubbles (GNBs) generate significant pseudo-magnetic fields, but their random formation limits applications.
• Precise control over GNB size, location, and shape is crucial for harnessing their properties.

Purpose of the Study:

• To demonstrate the formation of programmable GNBs using atomic force microscopy (AFM).
• To investigate the tunability of GNB size, shape, and pseudo-magnetic field patterns.
• To enable direct observation of theoretically predicted pseudo-magnetic field characteristics.

Main Methods:

• Utilizing functional atomic force microscopy (AFM) for GNB fabrication.
• Controlling GNB location through AFM tip positioning.
• Tuning GNB size and shape by adjusting AFM tip bias voltage.
• Observing pseudo-magnetic field patterns using AFM.

Main Results:

• Programmable GNBs were successfully formed with defined locations.
• GNB size and shape were precisely tuned by AFM tip voltage, transitioning from parabolic to Gaussian profiles.
• The unique, theoretically predicted three-fold symmetric pseudo-magnetic field pattern was directly observed in parabolic GNBs.

Conclusions:

• AFM enables programmable GNB formation, overcoming limitations of random protocols.
• Tunable GNBs offer a platform for controlled generation and study of pseudo-magnetic fields.
• This technique facilitates the experimental investigation of high magnetic field regimes in 2D materials.