Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Electrocardiogram Recordings in Anesthetized Mice using Lead II
Published on: June 20, 2020
Novel Use of Apple Watch 4 to Obtain 3-Lead Electrocardiogram and Detect Cardiac Ischemia
1Department of Emergency Medicine, San Diego Medical Center, CA.
Background:
Early recognition and treatment of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) results in better outcomes.
Objectives:
To describe a novel technique using the Apple Watch 4 (Apple Inc, Cupertino, CA) to obtain a 3-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) and confirm the watch's feasibility to detect cardiac ischemia in selective cases with a particular injury pattern.
Methods:
Two male patients in the Emergency Department had STEMI apparent on their ECGs. These findings were compared with those from the Apple Watch 4, whose positioning was adjusted for 3-lead ECG.
Results:
The patients' real-time, watch-based, 3-lead ECG tracings matched the traditional ECGs demonstrating STEMI, confirming the potential ability of this device to uncover myocardial ischemia. In each patient, cardiac catheterization revealed severe, 100% occlusion of the right coronary artery.
Conclusion:
The Apple Watch 4 could lead to earlier detection of acute coronary artery disease, but sensitivity and specificity remain unknown.
Related Concept Videos
Electrocardiogram
Three major waveforms are present in a typical ECG recording: the P wave, the QRS complex, and...
Electrocardiogram Fundamentals
An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a diagnostic tool for identifying cardiac conditions such as arrhythmias, conduction abnormalities, and myocardial ischemia.
Definition
An electrocardiogram (ECG) visualizes the heart's electrical activity by tracing the electrical movement associated with each heartbeat on a graph or monitor. As the heart beats, an electrical wave passes through it, correlating with the cardiac cycle events.
Parts of an ECG
An ECG utilizes electrodes on the skin...
Phase-lead and Phase-lag Controllers
Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors
ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH3
Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output
Preload
Preload refers to the initial elongation of the cardiac myocytes before contraction and is related to the volume of blood filling the heart at the end of diastole, or end-diastolic volume. The...

