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Cloud-driven modulations of Greenland ice sheet surface melt.

Masashi Niwano1, Akihiro Hashimoto2, Teruo Aoki2,3

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Clouds surprisingly do not increase surface mass loss on the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS). While increasing melt extent, clouds reduce solar heating, leading to less overall melt and runoff.

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Area of Science:

  • Climatology
  • Glaciology
  • Atmospheric Science

Background:

  • Clouds are known to influence surface melt on the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS).
  • Quantitative data on cloud impacts on GrIS melt area and surface mass balance are limited.
  • Understanding these impacts is crucial for predicting ice sheet behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantitatively assess the effects of clouds on the Greenland Ice Sheet's melt area and surface mass balance.
  • To quantify the time-integrated feedbacks of cloud radiative effects on ice sheet processes.
  • To determine if clouds enhance or reduce overall surface mass loss.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a state-of-the-art regional climate model for simulations.
  • Conducted a numerical sensitivity test comparing all-sky and clear-sky conditions.
  • Maintained identical precipitation rates between control and sensitivity simulations.

Main Results:

  • Clouds increased surface melt extent by 3.1% (2012), 0.3% (2013), and 0.7% (2014).
  • Clouds reduced daily runoff by 1.6, 0.8, and 1.0 Gt day⁻¹ in 2012, 2013, and 2014, respectively.
  • Clouds did not enhance overall surface mass loss; they reduced available energy for melt in ablation areas.

Conclusions:

  • Clouds do not enhance surface mass loss on the Greenland Ice Sheet.
  • Indirect cloud feedbacks, particularly reduced downward latent heat flux, are critical.
  • Clouds play a complex role, reducing solar heating and melt despite increasing melt extent.