Arterial Ischemic Stroke in a Child with Internal Carotid Artery Hypoplasia and Protein S Deficiency

Area of Science:

• Neurology
• Pediatrics
• Vascular Biology

Background:

• Congenital heart disease, anemia, and neurometabolic disorders are linked to pediatric arterial ischemic stroke (AIS).
• However, the exact multifactorial causes of AIS in children remain incompletely understood.
• Trauma, infections, and thrombophilia are recognized risk factors for pediatric AIS.

Observation:

• A 7-year-old boy experienced AIS with a history of transient ischemic attacks.
• He was diagnosed with congenital hypoplasia of the internal carotid artery (HICA).
• Further investigations revealed an co-existing protein S deficiency.

Findings:

• Congenital hypoplasia of the internal carotid artery (HICA) can be a predisposing factor for pediatric AIS.
• Protein S deficiency, a thrombophilic condition, was identified as a concurrent risk factor.
• The combination of HICA and protein S deficiency likely contributed to the AIS event.

Implications:

• This case underscores the importance of investigating multifactorial causes in pediatric AIS.
• Comprehensive evaluation for underlying conditions and thrombophilic risks is crucial in affected children.
• Identifying combined risk factors can improve understanding and management of pediatric stroke.