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Updated: Jan 22, 2026

A Rehabilitation Program of Exoskeleton-assisted Body Weight-Supported Treadmill Training with Non-immersive Virtual Reality for Stroke Patients
Published on: May 16, 2025
The Effects of Virtual Reality Training on Function in Chronic Stroke Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Han Suk Lee1, Yoo Junk Park2, Sun Wook Park2
1Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Science, Eulji University, 553 Sanseongdae Ro, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do 13135, Republic of Korea.
Objective:
The aim of this study was to perform a meta-analysis to examine whether virtual reality (VR) training is effective for lower limb function as well as upper limb and overall function in chronic stroke patients.
Methods:
Three databases, OVID, PubMed, and EMBASE, were used to collect articles. The search terms used were "cerebrovascular accident (CVA)," "stroke", and "virtual reality". Consequently, twenty-one studies were selected in the second screening of meta-analyses. The PEDro scale was used to assess the quality of the selected studies.
Results:
The total effect size for VR rehabilitation programs was 0.440. The effect size for upper limb function was 0.431, for lower limb function it was 0.424, and for overall function it was 0.545. The effects of VR programs on specific outcomes were most effective for improving muscle tension, followed by muscle strength, activities of daily living (ADL), joint range of motion, gait, balance, and kinematics.
Conclusion:
The VR training was effective in improving the function in chronic stroke patients, corresponding to a moderate effect size. Moreover, VR training showed a similar effect for improving lower limb function as it did for upper limb function.
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