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Related Concept Videos

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

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Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
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Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

3.0K
Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
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Heart Failure I: Introduction01:27

Heart Failure I: Introduction

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Heart failure refers to a clinical syndrome caused by structural or functional cardiac disorders that prevent the heart from pumping an adequate amount of blood to meet the body's metabolic needs. This condition often arises from myocardial infarction or ischemia, leading to decreased cardiac output, reduced tissue perfusion, impaired gas exchange, fluid volume imbalance, and decreased functional ability.Heart failure can result from disruptions in the mechanisms that regulate cardiac output...
723
Heart Failure VI: Adjunct Therapies01:22

Heart Failure VI: Adjunct Therapies

277
Additional therapies for treating patients with heart failure (HF) may include procedural interventions, supplemental oxygen, the management of sleep disorders, and nutritional therapy.Procedural InterventionsImplantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator: For patients at risk of life-threatening arrhythmias due to severe left ventricular dysfunction, an Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator (ICD) can detect and terminate these arrhythmias, preventing sudden cardiac death and improving survival rates.
277
Heart Failure Drugs: Diuretics01:22

Heart Failure Drugs: Diuretics

824
Heart failure and kidney perfusion are interconnected in a complex way. Reduced renal perfusion and venous congestion are two significant factors that contribute to renal dysfunction in heart failure. The kidneys, primarily responsible for fluid balance in the body, are adversely affected due to compromised cardiac output and increased venous pressure. In response to reduced renal perfusion, the kidneys activate neurohumoral mechanisms to restore balance. However, these mechanisms can be...
824
Heart Failure V: Medical Management01:30

Heart Failure V: Medical Management

227
Medical Management of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (ADHF)The primary goals of therapy for patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) include:Relieving symptomsOptimizing volume statusSupporting oxygenation and ventilationMaintaining cardiac output (CO) and end-organ perfusionIdentifying and addressing the cause of ADHFPreventing complicationsProviding patient education on factors precipitating HF exacerbationPlanning for dischargeOngoing monitoring and assessment...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
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Structural and myocardial dysfunction in heart failure beyond ejection fraction.

Paolo Severino1, Viviana Maestrini1, Marco Valerio Mariani1

  • 1Department of Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Nephrology, Anesthesiology and Geriatric Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.

Heart Failure Reviews
|July 19, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Heart failure management needs more than ejection fraction. A new HLM staging system and advanced imaging offer a holistic view of multiorgan damage for better patient outcomes.

Keywords:
ClassificationEjection fractionHeart failureImaging

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology and Cardiovascular Imaging
  • Multisystemic Disease Pathophysiology

Background:

  • Heart failure (HF) is a leading cause of mortality, traditionally assessed by left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) via echocardiography.
  • Limitations of LVEF assessment are increasingly recognized, highlighting the need for a deeper understanding of HF pathophysiology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To advocate for a shift from LVEF-based classification to a comprehensive staging system for heart failure.
  • To emphasize the utility of advanced imaging and a holistic approach in managing heart failure.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current evidence on the limitations of LVEF in heart failure assessment.
  • Introduction of the Heart-Lung-Kidney-Liver (HLM) staging system for comprehensive multiorgan damage evaluation.
  • Highlighting the role of multimodality imaging beyond standard echocardiography.

Main Results:

  • Current reliance on LVEF for heart failure classification is insufficient due to its inherent limitations.
  • Advanced imaging techniques provide superior insights into myocardial abnormalities and systemic involvement in HF.
  • The HLM staging system offers a framework for assessing multiorgan damage in heart failure patients.

Conclusions:

  • A comprehensive staging system, like HLM, integrating multiorgan status is superior to LVEF-based classification for heart failure.
  • Multimodality imaging combined with holistic staging facilitates personalized therapies and improves heart failure management.
  • Adopting a systemic perspective is crucial for effectively addressing the complexities of heart failure.