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Related Concept Videos

Entropy and Solvation02:05

Entropy and Solvation

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The process of surrounding a solute with solvent is called solvation. It involves evenly distributing the solute within the solvent. The rule of thumb for determining a solvent for a given compound is that like dissolves like. A good solvent has molecular characteristics similar to those of the compound to be dissolved. For example, polar solutions dissolve polar solutes, and apolar solvents dissolve apolar solutes. A polar solvent is a solvent that has a high dielectric constant (ϵ...
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Many common substances around us exist as a solution, such as ocean water, air, and gasoline. All solutions are mixtures of substances that are composed of varying amounts of two or more types of atoms or molecules. A mixture with a non-uniform composition is a heterogeneous mixture, whereas a mixture with a uniform composition is a homogeneous mixture. The components that make the homogeneous mixture are evenly spread out and thoroughly mixed. 
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Solvating Effects02:12

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An understanding of the solvating effect helps rationalize the relation between solvation and acidity of the compound. In addition, this also explains the relative stability of conjugate bases for compounds with different pKa values. This lesson details, in-depth, the principle of solvating effects. The strength of an acid and the stability of its corresponding conjugate base are determined using pKa values. This observed relationship is a consequence of solvation, which is the interaction...
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pH Scale02:41

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Hydronium and hydroxide ions are present both in pure water and in all aqueous solutions, and their concentrations are inversely proportional as determined by the ion product of water (Kw). The concentrations of these ions in a solution are often critical determinants of the solution’s properties and the chemical behaviors of its other solutes. Two different solutions can differ in their hydronium or hydroxide ion concentrations by a million, billion, or even trillion times. A common means of...
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Molecular Models02:00

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Physical models representing molecular architectures of chemical compounds play essential roles in understanding chemistry. The use of molecular models makes it easier to visualize the structures and shapes of atoms and molecules.
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Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions02:21

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Substances that undergo either a physical or a chemical change in solution to yield ions that can conduct electricity are called electrolytes. If a substance yields ions in solution, that is, if the compound undergoes 100% dissociation, then the substance is a strong electrolyte. Complete dissociation is indicated by a single forward arrow. For example, water-soluble ionic compounds like sodium chloride dissociate into sodium cations and chloride anions in aqueous solution.
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Molecular Scale Solvation in Complex Solutions.

Ellen E Bruce1, Nico F A van der Vegt1

  • 1Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt , D-64287 Darmstadt , Germany.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|July 19, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Complex aqueous solutions affect macromolecule behavior. Nonadditive effects from mixed cosolutes, like salts and urea, influence polymer solubility and protein stability through hydration and excluded volume interactions.

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysical Chemistry
  • Solution Chemistry
  • Macromolecular Science

Background:

  • Life science systems often involve macromolecules in complex aqueous environments.
  • Small organic molecules and salts (cosolutes) significantly modulate macromolecule solubility, function, and stability.
  • Understanding mixed cosolute interactions is crucial for biological and chemical processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the solvation of mixed cosolutes in aqueous solutions.
  • To explore the physical origins of nonadditive cosolume effects on polymers and proteins.
  • To highlight intriguing phenomena arising from specific cosolume mixtures.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent computer simulations.
  • Analysis of experimental data.
  • Discussion of theoretical frameworks for solvation and excluded volume effects.

Main Results:

  • Nonadditive cosolume effects stem from mutually enhanced hydration and solvent-excluded volume.
  • Specific mixtures, such as Hofmeister salts and urea/trimethylamine N-oxide, exhibit significant nonadditive behaviors.
  • Observed phenomena include consecutive polymer transitions and counteraction of protein denaturation.

Conclusions:

  • Mixed cosolute interactions in water present complex but fundamental challenges in solubility and stability.
  • Advanced simulation and spectroscopy are key to further understanding these systems.
  • Nonadditive effects offer insights into controlling macromolecule behavior in solution.