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Separation and Differential Characterization of Gut Microbial Extracellular Vesicles in Salt-Sensitive Rats under High-Salt Diet Conditions
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Answers to naysayers regarding microbial extracellular vesicles.

Carolina Coelho1,2, Arturo Casadevall3

  • 1Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, Department of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, U.K. c.coelho@exeter.ac.uk.

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Summary

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by all living cells, including bacteria, fungi, and archaea. This review addresses skepticism by confirming the existence and physiological importance of EVs across diverse species.

Keywords:
EVsOMVexosomesextracellular vesiclesnanovesiclesouter membrane vesicles

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs) were initially discovered in Gram-negative bacteria over 30 years ago.
  • The release of EVs from cell-walled microbes (fungi, mycobacteria, Gram-positive bacteria) was once considered impossible.
  • EVs have since been discovered in fungi, mycobacteria, and Gram-positive bacteria, challenging previous assumptions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To address and refute skepticism regarding the existence and biological significance of extracellular vesicles (EVs).
  • To consolidate evidence supporting the widespread presence and function of EVs in diverse microbial life.
  • To highlight key areas for future research in EV biology.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on extracellular vesicles.
  • Addressing and countering common doubts and misconceptions about EV release and function.
  • Compiling evidence from studies across Fungi, Bacteria, and Archaea.

Main Results:

  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been identified in nearly all tested species, from Fungi to Bacteria and Archaea.
  • Evidence strongly supports that EVs are a universal feature of living cells.
  • The physiological function of EVs is increasingly recognized and validated.

Conclusions:

  • The existence and physiological function of extracellular vesicles (EVs) are definitively established.
  • EVs are a fundamental biological mechanism present across all domains of life.
  • Further research is crucial to fully elucidate the complex biological processes underlying EV production and function.