[Pituitary gland tumors]

Area of Science:

• Neurology
• Radiology
• Endocrinology

Background:

• Pituitary tumors are the most common intracranial neoplasms, accounting for 10-15% of all brain tumors.
• These tumors originate in the sellar region and can be classified as microadenomas (<10 mm) or macroadenomas (>10 mm).
• They are further categorized into hormone-active (prolactin, somatotropin, corticotropin secreting) and non-active adenomas.

Purpose of the Study:

• To present common pituitary gland tumors and their differential diagnoses.
• To focus on the neuro-radiological diagnostic criteria for sellar region lesions.
• To highlight the importance of early detection and precise anatomical localization for diagnosis and therapy.

Main Methods:

• A selective literature search was conducted using PubMed.
• Review of radiological diagnostic criteria for pituitary tumors and differential diagnoses.
• Emphasis on imaging techniques, particularly MRI.

Main Results:

• Pituitary adenomas are the most frequent tumors in the sellar region, with varying hormonal activity.
• Tumor size (microadenoma vs. macroadenoma) and hormonal secretion (prolactin, somatotropin, corticotropin) are key classifications.
• Differential diagnoses include craniopharyngiomas, meningiomas, metastases, aneurysms, and Rathke cleft cysts.
• Contrast-enhanced MRI, especially with dynamic T1-weighted sequences, is the gold standard for early detection and characterization of sellar lesions and their impact on adjacent structures like the optic chiasm.

Conclusions:

• A focused imaging protocol is essential for diagnosing sellar lesions, including pituitary tumors.
• Contrast-enhanced MRI, particularly with dynamic contrast-enhanced T1-weighted sequences, is the preferred imaging modality.
• Early detection and accurate anatomical localization are critical for effective patient management and therapeutic planning.