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Fungi and Atopy.

Charles Barnes1

  • 1Allergy, Asthma, Immunology, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA. cbarnes@cmh.edu.

Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Fungal spores are common allergens, with sensitization rates exceeding 5% in the general public. Advances in innate immunity research explain unique fungal allergies and sensitivity in non-atopic individuals.

Keywords:
AerobiologyAtopyFungal allergyFungiIndoor air qualityIndoor allergensRespiratory disease

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Area of Science:

  • Mycology
  • Immunology
  • Environmental Health

Background:

  • Fungi are ubiquitous organisms with a long-standing association with human atopy.
  • Fungal spores are encountered in diverse environments, including indoor settings, with wet housing conditions posing a particular concern.
  • Sensitization rates to fungi exceed 5% in the general population, with higher prevalence in atopic individuals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the unique relationship between fungal exposure and atopy.
  • To understand the mechanisms behind fungal sensitization, including in non-atopic individuals.
  • To review evidence on fungal allergen exposure routes and their impact on respiratory health.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing scientific literature on fungi, atopy, and immune responses.
  • Analysis of studies investigating fungal spore and fragment exposure.
  • Examination of animal studies on long-term low-level fungal exposure.

Main Results:

  • Alternaria is a well-studied allergen, but cross-sensitization to multiple fungi is common.
  • Innate immune system research is shedding light on unique fungal allergy mechanisms.
  • Fungal allergens can be present as intact spores, fragments, or from germinating spores, altering allergenicity.
  • Low-level fungal exposure mechanisms are being elucidated through animal models.

Conclusions:

  • Fungal exposure does not automatically lead to illness; an atopic individual and immune response are typically required for pathology.
  • Allergists frequently manage patients with concerns about indoor fungal exposure and associated respiratory conditions.
  • Understanding fungal sensitization is crucial for addressing allergic respiratory diseases.