Fish Envenomation: Neglected Hazard in Aquariums

Around 1200 species of marine fish are venomous. Venomous fishes pose a significant health problem to certain populations in the world and are important neglected environmental diseases. Keeping fish in an aquarium is a popular hobby throughout the world. One in ten households possesses aquariums as their hobby. Aquariums are a convenient option for those living in flats and, more generally, those in rented accommodation, where keeping cats, dogs and caged animals is often banned. These tanks are stocked with wildlife extracted from the world's freshwater sources and also from oceans. Rapid growth of marine ornamental industry has made available a lot of marine and venomous fishes in the markets and being marketed as an aquarium fish. This can lead to potential envenomation among general public. Fortunately, most of the incidents were trivial and require no medical attention. However, a few fish stings cases may be serious and sometimes fatal outcomes may occur if they are not managed properly. Fish venoms possess cardiovascular, neuromuscular, oedematic and cytolytic activity. This paper reviews the presenting symptoms and treatment options for envenomation from the most common and deadly marine specimens, aquarists are likely to encounter and their preventive measures.