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Related Concept Videos

Half-life of a Reaction02:42

Half-life of a Reaction

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The half-life of a reaction (t1/2) is the time required for one-half of a given amount of reactant to be consumed. In each succeeding half-life, half of the remaining concentration of the reactant is consumed. For example, during the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, during the first half-life (from 0.00 hours to 6.00 hours), the concentration of H2O2 decreases from 1.000 M to 0.500 M. During the second half-life (from 6.00 hours to 12.00 hours), the concentration decreases from 0.500 M to...
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Reaction Mechanisms03:06

Reaction Mechanisms

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Chemical reactions often occur in a stepwise fashion, involving two or more distinct reactions taking place in a sequence. A balanced equation indicates the reacting species and the product species, but it reveals no details about how the reaction occurs at the molecular level. The reaction mechanism (or reaction path) provides details regarding the precise, step-by-step process by which a reaction occurs.
For instance, the decomposition of ozone appears to follow a mechanism with two steps:
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Determining Order of Reaction02:53

Determining Order of Reaction

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Rate laws describe the relationship between the rate of a chemical reaction and the concentration of its reactants. In a rate law, the rate constant k and the reaction orders are determined experimentally by observing how the rate of reaction changes as the concentrations of the reactants are changed. A common experimental approach to the determination of rate laws is the method of initial rates. This method involves measuring reaction rates for multiple experimental trials carried out using...
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Homogeneous Equilibria for Gaseous Reactions02:15

Homogeneous Equilibria for Gaseous Reactions

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Homogeneous Equilibria for Gaseous Reactions
For gas-phase reactions, the equilibrium constant may be expressed in terms of either the molar concentrations (Kc) or partial pressures (Kp) of the reactants and products. A relation between these two K values may be simply derived from the ideal gas equation and the definition of molarity. According to the ideal gas equation:
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Reaction Yield02:22

Reaction Yield

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The theoretical yield of a reaction is the amount of product estimated to form based on the stoichiometry of the balanced chemical equation. The theoretical yield assumes the complete conversion of the limiting reactant into the desired product. The amount of product that is obtained by performing the reaction is called the actual yield, and it may be less than or (very rarely) equal to the theoretical yield.
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Reaction Rate02:53

Reaction Rate

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The rate of reaction is the change in the amount of a reactant or product per unit time. Reaction rates are therefore determined by measuring the time dependence of some property that can be related to reactant or product amounts. Rates of reactions that consume or produce gaseous substances, for example, are conveniently determined by measuring changes in volume or pressure.
The mathematical representation of the change in the concentration of reactants and products, over time, is the rate...
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Design of an Open-Source, Low-Cost Bioink and Food Melt Extrusion 3D Printer
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High-throughput, low-cost reaction screening using a modified 3D printer.

Robert L Schrader1, Stephen T Ayrton, Andreas Kaerner

  • 1Purdue University Department of Chemistry, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA. cooks@purdue.edu.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A 3D-printed, benchtop system enables rapid screening of chemical reactions using a 96-well array. This automated platform efficiently optimizes reaction conditions for improved chemical synthesis.

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Area of Science:

  • Chemical Engineering
  • Synthetic Chemistry
  • Laboratory Automation

Background:

  • High-throughput screening is crucial for optimizing chemical reactions.
  • Existing automated systems can be expensive and complex.
  • A need exists for accessible, benchtop solutions for reaction optimization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a cost-effective, 3D-printed reaction screening system.
  • To demonstrate the system's capability in optimizing diverse chemical reactions.
  • To provide a scalable solution for individual scientist use.

Main Methods:

  • Modification of a desktop 3D printer with a glass syringe and microtiter plate.
  • Characterization of experimental variables and optimization of system performance.
  • Dispensing precise volumes of reaction mixtures into a 96-well array.

Main Results:

  • Precise dispensing of reaction mixtures with <3% coefficient of variation achieved.
  • Screening of N-alkylation, Katritzky transamination, and Suzuki cross-coupling reactions completed.
  • Identification of optimal reaction conditions facilitated by heat maps from mass spectra.

Conclusions:

  • The 3D-printed system offers an efficient and accessible method for reaction screening.
  • The platform significantly reduces screening time, completing 96 reactions in approximately 105 minutes.
  • Open-source software and affordable hardware make this system widely applicable.