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Updated: Jan 22, 2026

An Experimental Protocol for Femtosecond NIR/UV - XUV Pump-Probe Experiments with Free-Electron Lasers
Published on: October 23, 2018
Stroboscopic Tests for Thermalization of Electrons in Pump-Probe Experiments
O P Matveev1,2, A M Shvaika1, T P Devereaux3,4
1Institute for Condensed Matter Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, 79011 Ukraine.
Abstract:
One of the goals of pump-probe spectroscopies is to determine how electrons relax after they have been driven out of equilibrium. It is challenging to determine how close electrons are to a thermal state solely by fitting their distribution to a Fermi-Dirac distribution. Instead, we propose that one compare the effective temperatures of both fermions and collective bosonic modes (derived from the fermions) to determine the distance from a thermal state. Measurements of effective fermionic and bosonic temperatures can be achieved directly via photoemission and nonresonant Raman scattering. Their difference quantifies the distance from thermal equilibrium.
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