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Measuring the Building Envelope Penetration Factor for Ambient Nitrogen Oxides.

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Human exposure to nitrogen oxides (NOx) indoors is significant. This study measured how NOx enters homes and its indoor loss rates, finding key factors like humidity influence these processes.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Indoor Air Quality
  • Atmospheric Chemistry

Background:

  • Human exposure to ambient nitrogen oxides (NOx) predominantly occurs indoors.
  • Building envelope materials and reactions are hypothesized to affect indoor NOx levels, but penetration factors remain unquantified.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and apply novel methods for measuring the penetration factors and indoor loss rates of ambient nitrogen oxides (NOx) constituents.
  • To quantify the influence of indoor conditions on NOx infiltration and decay.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized time-resolved measurements within an unoccupied apartment unit.
  • Employed multiple test methods including natural and artificial indoor NOx elevation.
  • Applied various parameter estimation approaches, accounting for indoor oxidation reactions.

Main Results:

  • Successfully estimated penetration factors and indoor loss rates for NOx in 12 out of 16 tests.
  • Confirmed a penetration factor of approximately 1 for nitric oxide (NO) and a mean NO2 penetration factor of 0.72 ± 0.06.
  • Determined a mean indoor NO2 loss rate of 0.27 ± 0.12 h⁻¹, strongly correlated with indoor humidity.
  • Observed indoor NO loss rates correlated with estimated ozone concentrations.

Conclusions:

  • Developed reliable methods for estimating envelope penetration factors and indoor loss rates for NOx constituents.
  • Indoor humidity significantly impacts NO2 loss rates, while ozone influences NO loss rates.
  • Findings provide crucial data for understanding and mitigating indoor NOx exposure.