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Interphase00:54

Interphase

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The cell cycle occurs over approximately 24 hours (in a typical human cell) and in two distinct stages: interphase, which includes three phases of the cell cycle (G1, S, and G2), and mitosis (M). During interphase, which takes up about 95 percent of the duration of the eukaryotic cell cycle, cells grow and replicate their DNA in preparation for mitosis.
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Interphase00:56

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The cell cycle occurs over approximately 24 hours (in a typical human cell) and in two distinct stages: interphase, which includes three phases of the cell cycle (G1, S, and G2), and mitosis (M). During interphase, which takes up about 95 percent of the duration of the eukaryotic cell cycle, cells grow and replicate their DNA in preparation for mitosis.
Phases of Interphase
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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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The alkali metal sodium (atomic number 11) has one more electron than the neon atom. This electron must go into the lowest-energy subshell available, the 3s orbital, giving a 1s22s22p63s1 configuration. The electrons occupying the outermost shell orbital(s) (highest value of n) are called valence electrons, and those occupying the inner shell orbitals are called core electrons. Since the core electron shells correspond to noble gas electron configurations, we can abbreviate electron...
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Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions

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Substances that undergo either a physical or a chemical change in solution to yield ions that can conduct electricity are called electrolytes. If a substance yields ions in solution, that is, if the compound undergoes 100% dissociation, then the substance is a strong electrolyte. Complete dissociation is indicated by a single forward arrow. For example, water-soluble ionic compounds like sodium chloride dissociate into sodium cations and chloride anions in aqueous solution.
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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
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Screening of Coatings for an All-Solid-State Battery Using In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy
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Evolution of the Solid-Electrolyte Interphase on Carbonaceous Anodes Visualized by Atomic-Resolution Cryogenic

William Huang1, Peter M Attia1, Hansen Wang1

  • 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States.

Nano Letters
|July 20, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) in lithium-ion batteries can form two distinct structures during cycling. Understanding SEI evolution is key to improving battery stability and lifespan.

Keywords:
Lithium-ion batteriescarbon anodecryogenic electron microscopysolid−electrolyte interphasetransmission electron microscopy

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Battery Technology

Background:

  • Lithium-ion battery stability relies on the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI).
  • Limited nanoscopic understanding of SEI evolution hinders battery aging analysis.
  • SEI forms via electrolyte reduction on carbonaceous negative electrodes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the nanoscopic evolution of the SEI during lithium-ion battery cycling.
  • To characterize the structural and chemical properties of the SEI.
  • To understand the impact of SEI morphology on battery performance.

Main Methods:

  • Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) for SEI imaging.
  • Tracking SEI evolution during battery cycling.
  • Analysis of SEI structural and chemical properties.

Main Results:

  • A thin, amorphous SEI nucleates on the first cycle.
  • Two distinct SEI morphologies emerge: compact and extended.
  • Compact SEI contains inorganic components for effective passivation.
  • Extended SEI, rich in alkyl carbonates, spans hundreds of nanometers.
  • SEI growth is a heterogeneous process with diverse morphologies.

Conclusions:

  • The heterogeneity of SEI formation impacts battery performance.
  • Effective SEI passivation is crucial for preventing capacity loss and failure.
  • Extended SEI growth negatively affects lithium-ion transport and accelerates battery degradation.