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Related Concept Videos

Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output01:22

Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output

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Cardiac output (CO), the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, is a parameter in cardiovascular physiology determined by stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume, the amount of blood pushed from one of the ventricles per heartbeat, is influenced by preload, afterload, and contractility.
Preload
Preload refers to the initial elongation of the cardiac myocytes before contraction and is related to the volume of blood filling the heart at the end of diastole, or end-diastolic volume. The...
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Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output01:19

Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output

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Cardiac Output
Cardiac output (CO) refers to the total amount of blood ejected by one of the ventricles in liters per minute (L/min). In a resting adult, CO ranges from 5 to 6 L/min, adjusting according to the body's metabolic requirements.
Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output
Cardiac output adapts to metabolic demands during stress, physical activity, or illness. The autonomic nervous system regulates heart rate via the sinoatrial node. The parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart...
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Cardiac Cycle01:29

Cardiac Cycle

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The cardiac cycle refers to the sequence of events that occur in the heart from the beginning of one heartbeat to the next. It's characterized by alternating periods of contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of the heart muscles.
During the cardiac cycle, blood flow through the heart is regulated entirely by changing pressure gradients. This sequence of events begins with the heart in a state of total relaxation, known as mid-to-late diastole, during which blood passively flows from...
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The Cardiac Cycle01:13

The Cardiac Cycle

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The heart beats rhythmically in a sequence called the cardiac cycle—a rapid coordination of contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole).
The Process
Electrical signals—sent from the sinoatrial (SA) node in the right atrial wall to the atrioventricular (AV) node between the right atrium and right ventricle—cause both atria to simultaneously contract. When the signal reaches the AV node, it pauses for approximately a tenth of a second, allowing the atria to contract and...
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Exercise and Cardiac Output01:17

Exercise and Cardiac Output

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Regular physical activity is essential for maintaining cardiovascular health, with aerobic exercises being particularly effective. According to the American Heart Association, 150 minutes of moderate to intense aerobic exercise per week is recommended for a healthy heart. Aerobic activities may include brisk walking, running, bicycling, cross-country skiing, and swimming, ideally performed three to five times per week.
Sustained exercise increases the muscles' oxygen demand, which can be...
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Imbalances in Cardiac Output01:26

Imbalances in Cardiac Output

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The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, maintaining a balance between blood sent out (cardiac output) and blood returning (venous return). If this balance is disrupted, it can result in congestive heart failure (CHF), a severe condition where the heart becomes an inefficient pump, leading to inadequate blood circulation.
CHF can occur due to the failure of either side of the heart. Left-side failure leads to pulmonary congestion—the right side continues to send...
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Related Experiment Video

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In vitro Assessment of Cardiac Reprogramming by Measuring Cardiac Specific Calcium Flux with a GCaMP3 Reporter
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Update in Cardiac Sarcoidosis.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Immunology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Cardiac sarcoidosis awareness is rising due to increased recognition of heart involvement and advanced imaging availability.
  • This condition was previously considered rare but is now a focus of significant clinical interest.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To address key clinical questions for specialists managing potential cardiac sarcoidosis.
  • To review diagnostic criteria, prevalence, initial workup, and therapeutic options for cardiac sarcoidosis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing clinical criteria (Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare, Heart Rhythm Society, World Association for Sarcoidosis and Other Granulomatous Disorders).
  • Discussion of diagnostic utility of electrocardiogram, ambulatory electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, and B-type natriuretic peptide.
  • Overview of therapeutic strategies including immunosuppression, antiarrhythmics, heart failure management, device therapy, ablation, and transplantation.

Main Results:

  • No single ideal reference standard exists for diagnosis; multiple criteria sets are available.
  • Initial diagnostic steps may involve non-invasive tests before advanced imaging.
  • Therapeutic options are diverse, addressing arrhythmias, heart failure, and the underlying inflammation.

Conclusions:

  • Contemporary data indicate improved long-term survival in cardiac sarcoidosis compared to previous estimates.
  • While randomized controlled trials on screening are lacking, observational data support its recommendation.
  • Multidisciplinary management is crucial for optimizing outcomes in cardiac sarcoidosis.