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Related Concept Videos

MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After...
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MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output01:22

Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output

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Cardiac output (CO), the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, is a parameter in cardiovascular physiology determined by stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume, the amount of blood pushed from one of the ventricles per heartbeat, is influenced by preload, afterload, and contractility.
Preload
Preload refers to the initial elongation of the cardiac myocytes before contraction and is related to the volume of blood filling the heart at the end of diastole, or end-diastolic volume. The...
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Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output01:19

Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output

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Cardiac Output
Cardiac output (CO) refers to the total amount of blood ejected by one of the ventricles in liters per minute (L/min). In a resting adult, CO ranges from 5 to 6 L/min, adjusting according to the body's metabolic requirements.
Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output
Cardiac output adapts to metabolic demands during stress, physical activity, or illness. The autonomic nervous system regulates heart rate via the sinoatrial node. The parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart...
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Cardiac Cycle01:29

Cardiac Cycle

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The cardiac cycle refers to the sequence of events that occur in the heart from the beginning of one heartbeat to the next. It's characterized by alternating periods of contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of the heart muscles.
During the cardiac cycle, blood flow through the heart is regulated entirely by changing pressure gradients. This sequence of events begins with the heart in a state of total relaxation, known as mid-to-late diastole, during which blood passively flows from...
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The Cardiac Cycle01:13

The Cardiac Cycle

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The heart beats rhythmically in a sequence called the cardiac cycle—a rapid coordination of contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole).
The Process
Electrical signals—sent from the sinoatrial (SA) node in the right atrial wall to the atrioventricular (AV) node between the right atrium and right ventricle—cause both atria to simultaneously contract. When the signal reaches the AV node, it pauses for approximately a tenth of a second, allowing the atria to contract and...
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Digital PCR for Quantifying Circulating MicroRNAs in Acute Myocardial Infarction and Cardiovascular Disease
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MicroRNAs in Cardiac Diseases.

Robin M W Colpaert1, Martina Calore2

  • 1IMAiA-Institute for Molecular Biology and RNA Technology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands.

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Summary

MicroRNAs regulate cardiac gene expression and function. This review covers their role in heart disease, highlighting potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

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cardiac diseasesheartinherited cardiomyopathiesmiRNA

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Biology
  • Molecular Genetics
  • Noncoding RNA Research

Background:

  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of gene expression, crucial for cardiac physiology and pathology.
  • Noncoding RNAs, including miRNAs, maintain cardiac homeostasis and modulate responses to stress.
  • Cardiac muscle phenotypes are intricately controlled by various noncoding RNA species.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of miRNAs in cardiac muscle's pathogenic phenotypes.
  • To update knowledge on miRNA involvement in cardiac homeostasis and disease.
  • To highlight miRNAs as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in cardiovascular diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on miRNAs in cardiac function and disease.
  • Analysis of studies investigating miRNA involvement in cardiac physiological and pathological processes.
  • Compilation of evidence regarding miRNA-mediated regulation of cardiac conditions.

Main Results:

  • MicroRNAs are implicated in regulating contractility, arrhythmia, myocardial infarction, hypertrophy, and cardiomyopathies.
  • Noncoding RNAs play a significant role in modulating cardiac pathological conditions.
  • Evidence suggests miRNAs are involved in the pathogenic mechanisms of various heart diseases.

Conclusions:

  • MicroRNAs are critical regulators in cardiac pathophysiology.
  • MiRNAs represent promising biomarkers for diagnosing and monitoring heart conditions.
  • Targeting miRNAs offers a potential therapeutic strategy for cardiovascular diseases.