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Related Concept Videos

Translation01:31

Translation

155.7K
Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of...
155.7K
Translation01:31

Translation

17.6K
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are...
17.6K
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

38.4K
Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
38.4K
Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

27.5K
The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
27.5K
Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

6.6K
6.6K
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

14.1K
Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
14.1K

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Characterization of Neuronal Lysosome Interactome with Proximity Labeling Proteomics
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Proteomic Techniques to Examine Neuronal Translational Dynamics.

Shon A Koren1, Drew A Gillett1, Simon V D'Alton1

  • 1Department of Neuroscience and Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|July 21, 2019
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Translation impairments are key in neurodegenerative diseases. New proteomic methods now track protein synthesis in the brain, linking it to disease progression and cognitive function.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Translation impairments are increasingly linked to neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis.
  • Understanding the spatiotemporal dynamics of translation in disease is a significant challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review modern approaches for measuring translation and ribosomal function changes.
  • To focus on applications in the mammalian brain and neurodegenerative disease research.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing recent advances in proteomic analyses for rapid peptide resolution (minutes).
  • Employing quantitative in vivo translation analysis.
  • Coupling proteomic techniques with cognitive and behavioral outcome measures.

Main Results:

  • Proteomic analyses can now resolve nascent peptides on short timescales.
  • In vivo quantitative translation analysis shows potential for disease correlation.
  • These methods offer new ways to study translation in neurodegenerative contexts.

Conclusions:

  • Modern proteomic and quantitative techniques provide powerful tools to assess translation dynamics.
  • These approaches are crucial for understanding the role of translation in neurodegenerative diseases.
  • Future research can leverage these methods to link molecular changes to brain function and disease.