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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Stroke Volume01:27

Regulation of Stroke Volume

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The regulation of stroke volume, which is the amount of blood the heart pumps out during each heartbeat, is critical for maintaining a healthy circulatory system. Stroke volume is influenced by three main factors: preload, contractility, and afterload.
Preload refers to the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts. It's analogous to the stretching of a rubber band; the more it's stretched, the more forcefully it snaps back. This concept is encapsulated in the Frank-Starling law of the...
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Ischemic Heart Disease: Overview01:17

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Ischemic heart disease occurs when the heart's blood supply dwindles, causing an ominous lack of oxygen and nutrients. This deficiency, stemming from reduced or obstructed blood flow, spells danger, leading to heart muscle damage and dysfunction.
Atherosclerosis, the primary malefactor, orchestrates this dangerous condition. It manifests as the accumulation of fatty deposits, akin to insidious plaques, within arterial walls. As time elapses, these plaques metamorphose, hardening and...
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Arteries and Arterioles01:16

Arteries and Arterioles

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Arteries, the vasculature responsible for transporting blood from the heart, possess robust walls capable of enduring the elevated pressures exerted by the heartbeat. Arteries near the heart are especially thick-walled and enriched with elastic fibers across their three tunics, classifying them as elastic or conducting arteries. These arteries, usually with a diameter exceeding 10 mm, are characterized by their ability to dilate in response to the blood pumped from the heart's ventricles...
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Arteries of Lower Limbs01:20

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The external iliac artery transitions out of the body cavity, entering the femoral region of the lower leg, and is renamed the femoral artery at the point where it traverses the body wall. This artery is responsible for the distribution of blood to the thigh's deep muscles and the skin's ventral and lateral regions, achieved through several minor branches and the lateral deep femoral artery, which also spawns a lateral circumflex artery. The knee area receives blood from the genicular...
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Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume01:11

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Cardiac output (CO) is an integral aspect of human physiology, reflecting the heart's efficiency and responsiveness to the body's needs. It represents the volume of blood that the left or right ventricle ejects into the aorta or pulmonary trunk each minute. The CO is calculated by multiplying the heart rate (HR)—the number of heartbeats per minute—by the stroke volume (SV)—the amount of blood pumped out with each heartbeat.
In an average resting adult male, the typical cardiac...
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Arteries of the Upper Limbs01:12

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

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The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

The Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy Model of Perinatal Ischemia
08:47

The Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy Model of Perinatal Ischemia

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Perinatal arterial ischemic stroke.

Miriam Martinez-Biarge1, Donna M Ferriero2, Frances M Cowan1

  • 1Department of Paediatrics, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|July 21, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Perinatal arterial ischemic stroke (PAIS) is a common, serious neurological issue in infants. Early diagnosis and management are crucial for predicting outcomes and supporting affected children and families.

Keywords:
Arterial territoryHemiplegiaHypoxia–ischemic injuryInfarctionMRINeonatalPerinatalStroke

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Pediatrics
  • Neonatology

Background:

  • Perinatal arterial ischemic stroke (PAIS) is a significant neurological disorder affecting newborns.
  • It can lead to substantial long-term disabilities in affected infants.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of perinatal arterial ischemic stroke.
  • To discuss current understanding of etiology, pathophysiology, classification, presentation, and early management.
  • To highlight the role of neuroimaging in outcome prediction and recent treatment advancements.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on perinatal arterial ischemic stroke.
  • Discussion of diagnostic modalities, including brain imaging.
  • Synthesis of information on management, outcomes, and support strategies.

Main Results:

  • PAIS affects fetuses, preterm, and term infants, often resulting in lasting neurological deficits.
  • Brain imaging plays a critical role in assessing lesion extent and predicting prognosis.
  • Advances in treatment necessitate early diagnosis and understanding of potential morbidities.

Conclusions:

  • Optimal early management and diagnosis are imperative for improving outcomes in PAIS.
  • Understanding the range of possible outcomes is essential for providing appropriate follow-up and family support.
  • Continued research and knowledge dissemination are vital for addressing this serious condition.