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Cleavage and Blastulation

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After a large-single-celled zygote is produced via fertilization, the process of cleavage occurs while zygotes travel through the uterine tube. Cleavage is a mitotic cell division that does not result in growth. With each round of successive cell division, daughter cells get increasingly smaller.

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Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Ex Vivo Perfusion of the Rodent Placenta

Ex Vivo Perfusion of the Rodent Placenta

Published on: May 30, 2019

The placenta.

Sanjita Ravishankar¹, Raymond W Redline¹

¹Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology

|July 21, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Examining placental lesions offers insights into fetal central nervous system (CNS) injury. Multiple lesions, especially when occurring at different times, significantly increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes and CNS damage.

Keywords:

Cerebral palsy Chorioamnionitis Fetal vascular Maternal vascular Neonatal encephalopathy Placenta

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Last Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Ex Vivo Perfusion of the Rodent Placenta

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Published on: May 30, 2019

Isolation and Analysis of Hematopoietic Stem Cells from the Placenta

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Isolation and Expansion of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells Derived from Human Placenta Tissue

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Area of Science:

Obstetrics and Gynecology
Neurology
Pathology

Background:

The placenta is a critical indicator of the intrauterine environment and pregnancy outcomes.
Central nervous system (CNS) injury is a devastating adverse pregnancy outcome.
Specific placental lesions are associated with various forms of neurologic injury.

Purpose of the Study:

To review and categorize placental lesions associated with CNS injury.
To summarize the types of CNS injury linked to each category of placental lesion.
To highlight the synergistic effects of multiple placental lesions on CNS vulnerability.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on placental pathology and neurological outcomes.
Categorization of placental lesions into sentinel events, inflammatory, vascular, and biomarker types.
Correlation of identified placental lesions with specific types of central nervous system injury.

Main Results:

Placental lesions are classifiable into four main categories: sentinel events, inflammatory, vascular, and biomarker lesions.
Each lesion category is associated with distinct patterns of central nervous system injury.
The presence of multiple, independent placental lesions is a significant risk factor for CNS injury, with synergistic effects noted, particularly with metachronous lesions.

Conclusions:

Placental examination is crucial for understanding the etiology of central nervous system injury in neonates.
Understanding the classification and association of placental lesions with CNS injury aids in risk assessment.
The cumulative and synergistic impact of multiple placental lesions underscores their importance in predicting adverse neurological outcomes.