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Hemodynamic Precision in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit using Targeted Neonatal Echocardiography

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Fetal and neonatal neuroimaging.

Serena J Counsell¹, Tomoki Arichi¹, Sophie Arulkumaran¹

¹Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology

|July 21, 2019

Summary

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers unparalleled detail of the fetal and neonatal brain. Advanced MRI techniques and quantitative tools aid in diagnosing various brain abnormalities in developing infants.

Keywords:

Brain Fetus Infant Magnetic resonance imaging

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Area of Science:

Neuroimaging
Pediatric Radiology
Developmental Neuroscience

Background:

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is crucial for visualizing the fetal and neonatal brain's soft tissues.
Conventional MRI sequences reveal anatomical details and lesions in the developing brain.
Specialized MRI techniques offer insights into cerebral vasculature, metabolism, perfusion, and function.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe various magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) approaches for fetal and neonatal brain assessment.
To discuss the clinical applications of these MRI techniques.
To highlight the utility of quantitative tools in studying the developing brain.

Main Methods:

Utilizing conventional T1 and T2 weighted MRI sequences for anatomical detail and lesion detection.
Employing specialized MRI techniques such as magnetic resonance angiography, venography, spectroscopy, arterial spin labeling, and functional MRI.
Applying quantitative tools like diffusion MRI, morphometry, and automated cortical folding analysis.

Main Results:

MRI demonstrates detailed soft tissue anatomy of the fetal and neonatal brain.
It effectively identifies lesions associated with preterm birth, hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, stroke, infections, and malformations.
Quantitative MRI tools provide insights into microstructure, volume, and cortical development.

Conclusions:

MRI is an indispensable modality for evaluating the fetal and neonatal brain.
A comprehensive range of MRI techniques and quantitative tools are available for clinical applications.
These methods are vital for understanding and diagnosing brain development and pathology in fetuses and neonates.