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Related Concept Videos

Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Kendall's Tau Test01:16

Kendall's Tau Test

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Kendall's tau test, also known as the Kendall rank coefficient test, is a nonparametric method for assessing association between two variables. This test is particularly useful for identifying significant correlations when the distributions of the sample and population are unknown. Developed in 1938 by the British statistician Sir Maurice George Kendall, the tau coefficient (denoted as τ) serves as a rank correlation coefficient, with values ranging from -1 to +1.
A τ value of +1 indicates...
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Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Energy to Drive Translocation01:37

Energy to Drive Translocation

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Mitochondrial protein import is powered by two distinct energy sources: ATP hydrolysis and electrochemical potential across the inner membrane. Newly synthesized precursors are bound by cytosolic chaperones of the Hsp70 family, which guide them to the import receptors on the mitochondrial surface. Utilizing the energy of ATP hydrolysis, Hsp70 chaperones transfer these precursors to the TOM receptors on the mitochondrial outer membrane.
Generally, polypeptides are unfolded by two distinct...
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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M-Cdk Drives Transition Into Mitosis02:15

M-Cdk Drives Transition Into Mitosis

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Checkpoints throughout the cell cycle serve as safeguards and gatekeepers, allowing the cell cycle to progress in favorable conditions and slow or halt it in problematic ones. This regulation is known as the cell cycle control system.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

High Throughput Analysis of Liquid Droplet Impacts
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Driving tau into phase-separated liquid droplets.

Martin Margittai1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado 80208 martin.margittai@du.edu.

The Journal of Biological Chemistry
|July 21, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Tau protein liquid-liquid phase separation is linked to neurodegenerative diseases. Simplified in vitro studies suggest electrostatic interactions drive tau into liquid droplets, offering insights into disease mechanisms.

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of tau protein is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's.
  • The precise mechanisms governing tau LLPS and its role in disease pathogenesis remain poorly understood.
  • Understanding tau droplet formation is crucial for developing therapeutic strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the fundamental mechanisms driving liquid droplet formation of tau protein.
  • To elucidate the role of electrostatic interactions in tau phase separation.
  • To establish a simplified in vitro model for studying tau aggregation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a simplified in vitro system employing unmodified human tau protein.
  • Analyzed the biophysical properties of tau under varying conditions.

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  • Investigated the influence of electrostatic forces on tau self-assembly.

    • Main Results:

    • Demonstrated that electrostatic interactions are a primary driving force for tau liquid droplet formation.
    • Characterized the basic principles governing the assembly of tau into liquid-like droplets.
    • Established a foundational understanding of tau phase separation in vitro.

    Conclusions:

    • Electrostatic interactions provide the essential instructions for tau liquid droplet formation.
    • This finding offers a simplified model for understanding tau's role in biological function and disease.
    • Further research can build upon these principles to explore therapeutic interventions for tauopathies.