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Alkali Metals

Alkali Metals

Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
Table 1: Properties of the alkali metals

Bonding in Metals

Bonding in Metals

Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”.

Metallic Solids

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....

Metal-Ligand Bonds

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...

Properties of Transition Metals

Properties of Transition Metals

Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.

Energy-releasing Steps of Glycolysis

Energy-releasing Steps of Glycolysis

Glycolysis is divided into two phases based on whether energy is utilized or released. While the first phase consumes ATP, the second phase produces energy in the form of ATP and NADH. The energy is released over a sequence of reactions that turns G3P into pyruvate. The energy-releasing phase—steps 6-10 of glycolysis—occurs twice, once for each of the two 3-carbon sugars produced during steps 1-5 of the first phase.
The first energy-releasing step—the 6th step of glycolysis...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Multi-timescale Microscopy Methods for the Characterization of Fluorescently-labeled Microbubbles for Ultrasound-Triggered Drug Release

Multi-timescale Microscopy Methods for the Characterization of Fluorescently-labeled Microbubbles for Ultrasound-Triggered Drug Release

Published on: June 12, 2021

Ultrasound-triggered release from metal shell microcapsules.

Alison L White¹, Christian Langton², Marie-Luise Wille²

¹Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; CSIRO Probing Biosystems Future Science Platform, Brisbane, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia.

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science

|July 21, 2019

Summary

Gold shell microcapsules show promise for controlled drug delivery. Focused ultrasound (FUS) can trigger the rupture of these microcapsules, enabling sustained dye release for potential implantable drug delivery systems.

Keywords:

Delivery vehicle Encapsulation Focused ultrasound Metal microcapsules Triggered release

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Last Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Multi-timescale Microscopy Methods for the Characterization of Fluorescently-labeled Microbubbles for Ultrasound-Triggered Drug Release

Multi-timescale Microscopy Methods for the Characterization of Fluorescently-labeled Microbubbles for Ultrasound-Triggered Drug Release

Published on: June 12, 2021

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Published on: August 5, 2015

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Area of Science:

Biomaterials Science
Nanotechnology
Drug Delivery Systems

Background:

Metal shell microcapsules offer superior core retention compared to polymer shells for drug delivery.
Focused ultrasound (FUS) is a potential trigger for drug release from microcapsules.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the response of gold shell microcapsules, with and without inner polymer shells, to focused ultrasound (FUS) and standard ultrasound.
To evaluate the potential of these microcapsules as implantable drug delivery vehicles.

Main Methods:

Exploration of gold shell microcapsule response to standard and focused ultrasound.
Correlation analysis of gold shell thickness and rupture extent.
Assessment of microcapsule rupture efficiency in hydrogel matrices versus aqueous media.

Main Results:

Gold shell microcapsules with inner polymer shells rupture under standard ultrasound, with rupture extent linearly correlated to gold shell thickness.
Low FUS power (0.16 W) can rupture 53 nm gold shell microcapsules.
Gold shell microcapsules without polymer shells rupture more efficiently in hydrogel matrices with FUS.
Thicker gold shells enhance ultrasound-triggered rupture irrespective of the surrounding medium.
Dye release from ruptured capsules was sustained for 7-35 days.

Conclusions:

Emulsion-templated gold shell microcapsules in hydrogel matrices are suitable for implantable drug delivery.
Focused ultrasound provides external control for triggering drug release from these systems.