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Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Color Vision01:24

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Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
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Depth Perception and Spatial Vision01:15

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

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Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.
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Genetic Screens02:46

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Genetic screens are tools used to identify genes and mutations responsible for phenotypes of interest. Genetic screens help identify individuals or a group of people at risk of developing  genetic diseases and help them with early intervention, targeted therapy, and reproductive options.
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Visual System01:26

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Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
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Photoluminescence: Applications01:14

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Photoluminescence offers a wide range of applications due to its inherent sensitivity and selectivity. This technique allows for both direct and indirect analyses of the analyte. Direct quantitative analysis is possible when the analyte exhibits a favorable quantum yield for fluorescence or phosphorescence. However, an indirect analysis may be feasible if the analyte is not fluorescent or phosphorescent, or if the quantum yield is unfavorable. Indirect methods include reacting the analyte with...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Subjective Refraction Test Using a Smartphone for Vision Screening
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Subjective Refraction Test Using a Smartphone for Vision Screening

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Visual Acuity Assessment and Vision Screening Using a Novel Smartphone Application.

Lloyd Zhao1, Sandra S Stinnett2, S Grace Prakalapakorn3

  • 1School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC.

The Journal of Pediatrics
|July 22, 2019
PubMed
Summary

The Peek Acuity smartphone app effectively assesses children's visual acuity and screens for eye conditions, showing good correlation with standard methods, especially in younger children.

Keywords:
peek acuitypreschool-age childrenschool-age childrenvision screening

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Digital Health
  • Pediatric Healthcare

Background:

  • Visual acuity assessment and screening for ocular conditions are crucial in pediatric care.
  • Traditional methods can be time-consuming and require specialized equipment.
  • Smartphone-based applications offer a potential for accessible and efficient screening tools.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the Peek Acuity smartphone application for visual acuity assessment in children.
  • To assess Peek Acuity's capability in screening for referable ocular conditions.
  • To compare visual acuity measurements from Peek Acuity with standard clinical methods.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective recruitment of 111 children (ages 3-17) attending a pediatric ophthalmology clinic.
  • Randomized monocular visual acuity assessments using Peek Acuity and standard clinical techniques.
  • Statistical comparison using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and evaluation of sensitivity for detecting decreased vision and ocular disease.

Main Results:

  • High correlation (ICC 0.85-0.88) between Peek Acuity and standard visual acuity assessments.
  • Peek Acuity demonstrated adequate sensitivity (83%-86%) for decreased vision and (69%-83%) for referable ocular disease.
  • Highest sensitivity was observed in preschool-aged children (3-5 years) for decreased vision (93%-100%).

Conclusions:

  • Peek Acuity demonstrates good correlation with standard visual acuity testing in children.
  • The application is a suitable screening tool, particularly effective for identifying decreased vision in preschool-aged children.
  • Examination fatigue may affect results in younger children, necessitating careful administration.