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Related Concept Videos

What is Natural Selection?01:32

What is Natural Selection?

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Natural selection is an evolutionary process in which individuals with survival-promoting traits reproduce at higher rates. These favorable traits become more common within a population or species. Naturally selected traits initially arise via random genetic mutations. In order for selection to occur, there must be variation within a population, the trait controlling the variation must be heritable, and there must be an evolutionary advantage for variation in the trait.
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Types of Selection01:46

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Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
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Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Limits to Natural Selection01:38

Limits to Natural Selection

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Organisms that are well-adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. However, natural selection does not lead to perfectly adapted organisms. Several factors constrain natural selection.
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Natural Selection and Adaptation01:15

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Natural selection, a fundamental concept in evolutionary biology, is the mechanism by which evolution is driven, favoring organisms that are best adapted to their environments. This process enhances their chances of survival and reproduction. Adaptation, a key outcome of this process, involves genetic modifications that optimize an organism's functionality under specific environmental challenges, such as extreme cold or thinner air at high altitudes.
Beyond physical adaptations,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Vibrio cholerae: Model Organism to Study Bacterial Pathogenesis - Interview
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Cholera in selected countries in Asia.

Anna Lena Lopez1, Shanta Dutta2, Firdausi Qadri3

  • 1Institute of Child Health and Human Development, University of the Philippines Manila-National Institutes of Health, Philippines.

Vaccine
|July 22, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cholera surveillance data from nine Asian countries (2011-2016) reveal sparse reporting despite the disease

Keywords:
Acute watery diarrheaBurdenSouth AsiaSoutheast AsiaVibrio

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health and Epidemiology
  • Infectious Disease Surveillance
  • Global Health Security

Background:

  • Cholera, a waterborne disease, poses a significant public health threat globally.
  • Despite its Asian origin, comprehensive cholera surveillance data from South and Southeast Asia are limited.
  • Understanding regional disease burden is crucial for effective public health interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To collate and assess available cholera surveillance data from nine South and Southeast Asian countries.
  • To provide a sub-regional overview of cholera incidence and reporting patterns.
  • To identify data gaps and emphasize the need for improved surveillance.

Main Methods:

  • Data compilation from national surveillance systems for diarrhea, acute watery diarrhea, and cholera (suspected/confirmed).
  • Inclusion of data from Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam (2011-2016).
  • Supplementation of data through review of WHO reports and searches of PubMed and ProMED.

Main Results:

  • Confirmed cholera cases were reported in all included countries during the study period.
  • India reported the highest annual mean of confirmed cholera cases (5964), followed by the Philippines (760) and Pakistan (592).
  • Data availability and reporting consistency varied significantly across countries, with Cambodia and Vietnam reporting minimal cases.

Conclusions:

  • Cholera remains endemic in South and Southeast Asia, even in areas with improved sanitation.
  • There is a notable paucity of readily accessible and consistently reported cholera data in the region.
  • Enhanced surveillance and continued vigilance are essential for controlling cholera transmission in these countries.