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Related Concept Videos

Embryonic Stem Cells00:58

Embryonic Stem Cells

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.
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Embryonic Stem Cells00:57

Embryonic Stem Cells

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
ES cells are grown in a culture medium where they can divide indefinitely, creating ES cell lines. Under certain conditions, ES cells can differentiate, either spontaneously into a variety of...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Adult Stem Cells01:33

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce more stem cells or progenitor cells that differentiate into mature, specialized cell types. All the cells in the body are generated from stem cells in the early embryo, but small populations of stem cells are also present in many adult tissues including the bone marrow, brain, skin, and gut. These adult stem cells typically produce the various cell types found in that tissue—to replace cells that are damaged or to continuously...
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Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
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Distinctive Features of Adult Stem Cells vs Cancer Stem Cells01:18

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A stem cell is an unspecialized cell that can divide without limit as needed and can, under specific conditions, differentiate into specialized cells.
Adult stem cells
Adult stem cells are tissue-specific; hence, they divide to develop the tissue from which they originate. One type of adult stem cell is the epithelial stem cell, which gives rise to the keratinocytes in the multiple layers of epithelial cells in the epidermis of the skin. Adult bone marrow has three distinct types of stem cells:...
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Derivation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Immunosurgery
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Enhanced chondrogenesis from human embryonic stem cells.

Tao Wang1, Puwapong Nimkingratana1, Christopher A Smith1

  • 1Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK.

Stem Cell Research
|July 22, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) enhances human embryonic stem cell (hESC) differentiation into chondrocytes more effectively than BMP4. BMP2-derived cells promote superior cartilage repair in vivo, indicating its potential for regenerative medicine.

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Area of Science:

  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Biomaterials Science

Background:

  • Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) offer potential for articular cartilage repair.
  • Current differentiation protocols yield progenitors with limited matrix production.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To optimize hESC differentiation into chondrocytes for cartilage repair.
  • To compare the efficacy of different TGFβ family members in directing chondrogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a serum-free 14-day hESC differentiation protocol.
  • Substituted or supplemented with various TGFβ family members (BMP2, BMP4, BMP7, GDF5, TGFβ-1, TGFβ-3).
  • Assessed chondrogenic gene expression (SOX9, SOX5, ACAN, COL2A1) and matrix deposition in vitro.
  • Evaluated in vivo cartilage repair in rat osteochondral defects using fibrin scaffolds.

Main Results:

  • Replacing BMP4 with BMP2 significantly increased SOX9, SOX5, ACAN, and COL2A1 expression.
  • BMP2 enhanced chondrogenic aggregate formation and type II collagen deposition without inducing hypertrophy.
  • In vivo studies showed BMP2-derived cells resulted in higher quality cartilage repair compared to BMP4-derived cells.

Conclusions:

  • BMP2 is more effective than BMP4 in driving chondrogenic differentiation of hESCs.
  • BMP2 promotes sustained chondrogenic potential in vivo, suggesting its utility in cartilage regenerative strategies.