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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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Hormones can be classified into three main types based on their chemical structures: steroids, peptides, and amines. Their actions are mediated by the specific receptors they bind to on target cells.
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Types of Hormones01:21

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Hormones are classified into four main groups: steroids, eicosanoids, amino acid-based derivatives, and peptide hormones.
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The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.
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Hormonal Regulation01:40

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Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.
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Author Spotlight: Accurately Assessing Thyroid Hormone-Driven Motor Alterations in Mouse
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Novel thyroid hormones.

Riccardo Zucchi1, Grazia Rutigliano2, Federica Saponaro3

  • 1Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, Pisa, 56126, Italy. riccardo.zucchi@med.unipi.it.

Endocrine
|July 22, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Novel thyroid hormones like T1AM and T2 may act as independent messengers. Research explores their roles in metabolism, brain function, and potential therapeutic uses for various diseases.

Keywords:
DeiodinasesThyroacetic acidsThyroid hormonesThyronamines

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Thyroid hormone signaling is complex, with emerging evidence for novel derivatives acting as independent messengers.
  • Key compounds include 3,5-diiodothyronine (T2), 3-iodothyronamine (T1AM), and iodothyroacetic acids (TA4, TA3, TA1).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on novel thyroid hormone metabolites.
  • To discuss their biosynthetic pathways, targets, and functional effects.
  • To explore their physiological, pathophysiological, and therapeutic significance.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on thyroid hormone metabolites.
  • Analysis of experimental data on exogenous administration and endogenous levels.
  • Discussion of molecular targets and functional outcomes.

Main Results:

  • 3-iodothyronamine (T1AM) shows promise as an independent messenger, particularly affecting metabolism and brain function.
  • Thyroid hormone metabolites have potential therapeutic applications in obesity, dyslipidemia, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer.
  • 3,5,3'-thyroacetic acid (TA3) is relevant in thyroid hormone resistance and Allen-Herndon-Dudley syndrome.

Conclusions:

  • While validation is ongoing, novel thyroid hormone metabolites, especially T1AM, exhibit messenger-like properties.
  • These compounds represent promising therapeutic targets for a range of conditions.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate their full clinical relevance, including in hypothyroidism.