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Re-evaluating pattern and process to understand resilience in transitional mixed conifer forests.

Jed Meunier1, Nathan S Holoubek1, Peter M Brown2

  • 1Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Division of Forestry, 2801 Progress Road, Madison, Wisconsin, 53716, USA.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Frequent fires historically maintained resilient Lake States forests. Modern forests show increased density and random patterns, differing from historical aggregated structures and frequent fire influences.

Keywords:
Pinus resinosaGeneral Land OfficeLake StatesWisconsinfire historyforest structurered pinespatial pattern

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Area of Science:

  • Forest Ecology
  • Fire Ecology
  • Dendrochronology

Background:

  • Maintaining resilient landscapes requires understanding dynamic ecological processes, especially fire's influence in fire-dependent ecosystems.
  • Historical land surveys in the Lake States suggest infrequent, severe disturbances shaped forests, but may not capture finer-scale processes.
  • Limitations in historical survey methods necessitate detailed studies on fire history and stand structure interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the linkage between fire history and stand structure (cohort structure, tree density, spatial patterning) in Wisconsin's Lake States mixed conifer forests.
  • To compare historical forest dynamics with current conditions using dendrochronological methods.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized dendrochronological techniques to reconstruct fire history and analyze stand structure.
  • Examined cohort structure, tree density, and spatial patterning in historical (ca. 1860) and current forest stands.
  • Calculated mean fire return intervals (MFRIs) across multiple study sites.

Main Results:

  • Identified short mean fire return intervals (MFRIs) ranging from 6 to 13 years with consistent frequency across sites.
  • Observed current red-pine-dominated forest densities are 4-37 times higher than historical densities (mean 12x increase).
  • Found current forests are spatially random, contrasting with historical aggregated spatial patterns and multiple/loosely defined cohort structures.

Conclusions:

  • Frequent fire disturbances historically promoted ecosystem resilience by influencing stand-scale forest resistance and heterogeneity.
  • Significant increases in tree density and shifts to random spatial patterns indicate a departure from historical forest dynamics.
  • The findings highlight the critical role of frequent fire in maintaining the structure and resilience of Lake States transitional pine forests.