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Related Concept Videos

Stream Function01:20

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In two-dimensional incompressible fluid flow, the continuity equation is essential for ensuring mass conservation, meaning that any change in fluid entering or exiting a region is balanced by a corresponding change elsewhere. For incompressible flow, where density remains constant, this requirement simplifies to the condition that the divergence of the velocity field must be zero. Mathematically, this is expressed as,
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Elements and Compounds01:27

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Pure substances consist of only one type of matter. A pure substance can be an element or a compound. An element consists of only one type of atom, while a compound consists of two or more types of atoms held together by a chemical bond.
Elements
Elements are classified as atomic or molecular based on the nature of their basic units. They are unique forms of matter with specific chemical and physical properties that cannot break down into smaller substances by ordinary chemical reactions. There...
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The periodic table arranges atoms based on increasing atomic number so that elements with the same chemical properties recur periodically. When their electron configurations are added to the table, a periodic recurrence of similar electron configurations in the outer shells of these elements is observed. Because they are in the outer shells of an atom, valence electrons play the most important role in chemical reactions. The outer electrons have the highest energy of the electrons in an atom...
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Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis, where glucose is oxidized to pyruvate, simultaneously reducing NAD+ to NADH. Two molecules of ATP are also produced by substrate-level phosphorylation.
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Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Potentially toxic elements in solid waste streams: Fate and management approaches.

Xinni Xiong1, Xueming Liu2, Iris K M Yu3

  • 1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.

Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)
|July 23, 2019
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Summary

This review examines the global movement of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in solid waste, highlighting risks and recovery opportunities for sustainable management and a circular economy.

Keywords:
Environmental and human health riskGreen and sustainable remediationMetals/metalloidsRadioactive elementsRare earth elementsSustainable waste management

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Geochemistry
  • Waste Management

Background:

  • Solid wastes globally contain potentially toxic elements (PTEs), posing risks to human health and ecosystems during handling and disposal.
  • Current understanding of global PTEs-contaminated solid waste flow patterns is insufficient for effective sustainable waste management decisions.
  • Resource scarcity and circular economy principles necessitate material recovery from waste, offering a sustainable alternative to mining.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of the global flow of PTEs in solid waste.
  • To review the content, transport, transformation, and risks of toxic metal(loid)s, radioactive elements, and rare earth elements in waste.
  • To discuss current treatment technologies and offer insights for developing advanced, sustainable solutions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on PTEs in solid waste.
  • Analysis of geographical distribution patterns and environmental risks associated with PTEs.
  • Evaluation of various treatment and material recovery methods for contaminated solid wastes.

Main Results:

  • PTEs are prevalent in diverse solid waste streams, with significant environmental and health implications.
  • Global transport and transformation patterns of PTEs in waste are complex and require further investigation.
  • Material recovery from waste, including precious and rare earth elements, presents a viable circular economy approach.

Conclusions:

  • A better understanding of PTEs dynamics in waste is crucial for developing efficient and cost-effective treatment technologies.
  • Sustainable waste management requires integrated strategies addressing both PTEs removal/immobilization and valuable material recovery.
  • Future research should focus on high-performance, sustainable technologies for managing PTEs-contaminated solid wastes.