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A Real-world What-Where-When Memory Test
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Offloading memory leaves us vulnerable to memory manipulation.

E F Risko1, M O Kelly1, P Patel1

  • 1University of Waterloo, Canada.

Cognition
|July 23, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Relying on external memory aids like smartphones can lead to manipulation. People often fail to notice changes in their digital memory, sometimes creating false memories from manipulated external information.

Keywords:
Cognitive offloadingDistributed memoryFalse memoryMemory

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Human-Computer Interaction
  • Memory Studies

Background:

  • Modern technology allows memory offloading to external devices.
  • External memory storage presents risks of information manipulation.
  • Understanding the cognitive impact of external memory manipulation is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how manipulation of externally stored information affects human memory.
  • To determine if individuals detect surreptitious alterations in their digital memory.
  • To examine the formation of false memories due to external memory manipulation.

Main Methods:

  • Three experiments were conducted, with two pre-registered.
  • Participants engaged in a memory task involving offloading information to an external store.
  • Information within the external store was surreptitiously manipulated on critical trials.

Main Results:

  • Participants rarely detected the manipulation of their externally stored information.
  • Inserted information from external stores was frequently encoded into biological memory.
  • This process led to the creation of false memories in participants.

Conclusions:

  • Offloading memory to external artefacts has significant cognitive consequences.
  • External memory manipulation can lead to unnoticed memory alterations and false memory formation.
  • The study highlights the vulnerability of biological memory when relying on external storage.