Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Switching of BJT01:22

Switching of BJT

805
Switching behavior in Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) is a fundamental aspect utilized in various electronic circuits, particularly for digital logic applications like switches and amplifiers. In a typical switching circuit, a BJT alternates between cut-off and saturation modes, corresponding to the "off" and "on" states, respectively, thus behaving like an ideal switch.
Cut-off Mode ("Off" State): In this state, both the emitter-base and collector-base junctions are...
805
Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

16.9K
Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
16.9K
Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

4.8K
Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
Initiating crystallization involves manipulating the concentration of the solute and the temperature of the solution. Since crystal growth occurs when the ratio of concentration and solubility of the solute in the solvent...
4.8K
Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

30.7K
Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
30.7K
Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

48.3K
Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
48.3K
Dimensional Analysis03:40

Dimensional Analysis

59.8K
Dimensional analysis, also known as the factor label method, is a versatile approach for mathematical operations. The main principle behind this approach is: the units of quantities must be subjected to the same mathematical operations as their associated numbers. This method can be applied to computations ranging from simple unit conversions to more complex and multi-step calculations involving several different quantities and their units.
Conversion Factors and Dimensional Analysis
The unit...
59.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Assessment of scoring functions for computational models of protein-protein interfaces.

Physical review. E·2026
Same author

Promoting Heterogeneous Nickel Catalysis with Surface-Atomically Dispersed Tungstate Species.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same author

SCUDDO: an unsupervised clustering algorithm for single-cell Hi-C maps using diagonal diffusion operators.

Bioinformatics (Oxford, England)·2026
Same author

Neuromorphological Alterations in the Somatosensory System of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Systematic Review of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies.

Children (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Stochastic Pairwise Forces Enhance Tracer Diffusion in Nonmotile Active Matter.

Physical review letters·2026
Same author

Residue burial encodes a protein's fold.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same journal

Erratum: Low-dimensional model for adaptive networks of spiking neurons [Phys. Rev. E 111, 014422 (2025)].

Physical review. E·2026
Same journal

Disentangling the effects of many-body forces on depletion interactions.

Physical review. E·2026
Same journal

Charge transport and mode transition in dual-energy electron beam diodes.

Physical review. E·2026
Same journal

Optimization of multisite reactions in complex compartmentalized media.

Physical review. E·2026
Same journal

Origin of geometric cohesion in nonconvex granular materials: Interplay between interdigitation and rotational constraints enhancing frictional stability.

Physical review. E·2026
Same journal

Interaction of walkers with a standing Faraday wave.

Physical review. E·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

High-Contrast and Fast Photorheological Switching of a Twist-Bend Nematic Liquid Crystal
06:24

High-Contrast and Fast Photorheological Switching of a Twist-Bend Nematic Liquid Crystal

Published on: October 31, 2019

6.8K

Active acoustic switches using two-dimensional granular crystals.

Qikai Wu1, Chunyang Cui2, Thibault Bertrand1,3

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.

Physical Review. E
|July 24, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers simulated active transistor-like switches using 2D granular crystals. They optimized mass contrast and grain arrangement to achieve high gain ratios and fast switching times, demonstrating potential for advanced acoustic devices.

More Related Videos

Quantifying Three-Dimensional Cell Migration Within and Into Granular Hydrogel Biomaterials
08:53

Quantifying Three-Dimensional Cell Migration Within and Into Granular Hydrogel Biomaterials

Published on: March 7, 2025

1.2K
Activating Molecules, Ions, and Solid Particles with Acoustic Cavitation
14:22

Activating Molecules, Ions, and Solid Particles with Acoustic Cavitation

Published on: April 11, 2014

15.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 21, 2026

High-Contrast and Fast Photorheological Switching of a Twist-Bend Nematic Liquid Crystal
06:24

High-Contrast and Fast Photorheological Switching of a Twist-Bend Nematic Liquid Crystal

Published on: October 31, 2019

6.8K
Quantifying Three-Dimensional Cell Migration Within and Into Granular Hydrogel Biomaterials
08:53

Quantifying Three-Dimensional Cell Migration Within and Into Granular Hydrogel Biomaterials

Published on: March 7, 2025

1.2K
Activating Molecules, Ions, and Solid Particles with Acoustic Cavitation
14:22

Activating Molecules, Ions, and Solid Particles with Acoustic Cavitation

Published on: April 11, 2014

15.6K

Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Mechanical Engineering

Background:

  • Granular crystals exhibit unique wave propagation properties.
  • Transistor-like switches are crucial for signal processing and control.
  • Designing active devices from granular materials presents significant challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate numerical simulations of active transistor-like switches using two-dimensional granular crystals.
  • To optimize the mass contrast and grain arrangement for maximizing the frequency band gap.
  • To analyze switching mechanisms and performance metrics like gain ratio and switching time.

Main Methods:

  • Numerical simulations of 2D granular crystals with two types of grains (same size, different masses).
  • Tuning mass contrast and grain arrangement to control frequency band gap.
  • Investigating pressure-induced switching and switching through contact breaking.
  • Utilizing umbrella sampling techniques to simulate self-assembly of grains with knobs.

Main Results:

  • Achieved gain ratios greater than 10^4 and fast switching times.
  • Identified pressure-induced switching as a superior mechanism for performance.
  • Demonstrated that grains with six knobs efficiently form hexagonal crystals for maximal band gaps.
  • Estimated experimental time for creating millimeter-sized steel bead granular crystals.

Conclusions:

  • Active transistor-like switches can be effectively realized using 2D granular crystals.
  • Optimization of grain properties and arrangement is key to enhancing device performance.
  • The study provides a pathway for experimental realization of high-performance acoustic switches.