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The air in the lungs is measured in volumes and capacities. Lung volume measures reflect the amount of air taken in, released, or left over after a lung function, like a single inhalation. Lung capacity measures are sums of two or more lung volume measures.
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Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
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Orbitals are the areas outside of the atomic nucleus where electrons are most likely to reside. They are characterized by different energy levels, shapes, and three-dimensional orientations. The location of electrons is described most generally by a shell or principal energy level, then by a subshell within each shell, and finally, by individual orbitals found within the subshells.
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The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?
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Lung-Seeking Metastases.

Giulia M Stella1, Stefan Kolling2, Silvia Benvenuti3

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Distinguishing lung metastases from primary lung cancer is critical for personalized medicine. This review covers key features, including the metastatic niche, inflammation, and biomechanics, aiding diagnosis and treatment.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Pathology
  • Biomedical Science

Background:

  • Lung parenchyma is a common site for metastases from various cancer types.
  • Pulmonary nodules of unknown origin present a diagnostic challenge: are they primary lung tumors or metastases?
  • Understanding the characteristics of lung metastases is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review clinical, instrumental, and molecular features of lung metastases.
  • To explore emerging concepts like the metastatic niche, inflammation, angiogenesis, immune modulation, and gene expression in lung metastases.
  • To analyze the role of biomechanical forces in the growth of lung metastatic lesions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on clinical, instrumental, and molecular aspects of lung metastases.
  • Analysis of recent advancements in understanding the metastatic microenvironment and host-tumor interactions.
  • Inclusion of novel concepts such as biomechanical forces in tumor expansion.

Main Results:

  • Lung metastases exhibit distinct clinical, instrumental, and molecular profiles.
  • The metastatic niche, inflammation, angiogenesis, immune modulation, and gene expression are key factors in lung metastasis.
  • Biomechanical forces play a role in the expansion of metastatic tumor masses within the lungs.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate differentiation between primary lung cancer and lung metastases is essential for effective patient management.
  • Integrating biological, genetic, and pathological features is vital for diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms.
  • This knowledge supports the development of personalized medicine approaches for lung neoplastic diseases.