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Related Concept Videos

Sound Waves01:01

Sound Waves

12.5K
Sound waves can be thought of as fluctuations in the pressure of a medium through which they propagate. Since the pressure also makes the medium's particles vibrate along its direction of motion, the waves can be modeled as the displacement of the medium's particles from their mean position.
Sound waves are longitudinal in most fluids because fluids cannot sustain any lateral pressure. In solids, however, shear forces help in propagating the disturbance in the lateral direction as well....
12.5K
Sound Waves: Resonance01:14

Sound Waves: Resonance

3.3K
Resonance is produced depending on the boundary conditions imposed on a wave. Resonance can be produced in a string under tension with symmetrical boundary conditions (i.e., has a node at each end). A node is defined as a fixed point where the string does not move. The symmetrical boundary conditions result in some frequencies resonating and producing standing waves, while other frequencies interfere destructively. Sound waves can resonate in a hollow tube, and the frequencies of the sound...
3.3K
Sound as Pressure Waves01:17

Sound as Pressure Waves

4.5K
Sound waves, which are longitudinal waves, can be modeled as the displacement amplitude varying as a function of the spatial and temporal coordinates. As a column of the medium is displaced, its successive columns are also displaced. As the successive displacements differ relatively, a pressure difference with the surrounding pressure is created. The gauge pressure varies across the medium.
The pressure fluctuation depends on the difference in displacements between the successive points in the...
4.5K
Perception of Sound Waves01:01

Perception of Sound Waves

5.5K
The human ear is not equally sensitive to all frequencies in the audible range. It may perceive sound waves with the same pressure but different frequencies as having different loudness. Moreover, the perception of sound waves depends on the health of an individual's ears, which decays with age. The health of one's ears may also be affected by regular exposure to loud noises.
The pitch of a sound depends on the frequency and the pressure amplitude of the source. Two sounds of the same...
5.5K
Sound Waves: Interference00:53

Sound Waves: Interference

4.6K
Sound waves can be modeled either as longitudinal waves, wherein the molecules of the medium oscillate around an equilibrium position, or as pressure waves. When two identical waves from the same source superimpose on each other, the combination of two crests or two troughs results in amplitude reinforcement known as constructive interference. If two identical waves, that are initially in phase, become out of phase because of different path lengths, the combination of crests with troughs...
4.6K
Intensity and Pressure of Sound Waves01:05

Intensity and Pressure of Sound Waves

1.7K
The intensity of sound waves can be related to displacement and pressure amplitudes by using their wave expressions and the definition of intensity. The critical step to achieve this is to write the power delivered by the particles on the wave as the product of force and velocity and simplify the force per unit area as the pressure. The velocity of the medium's particles can be derived from the displacement.
Unlike the time average of a sinusoidal term, which is zero since it is positive...
1.7K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Spiral Ganglion Neuron Explant Culture and Electrophysiology on Multi Electrode Arrays
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Spiral Ganglion Neuron Explant Culture and Electrophysiology on Multi Electrode Arrays

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Underwater Spiral Wave Sound Source Based on Phased Array with Three Transducers.

Wei Lu1,2,3, Rongzhen Guo4,5,6, Yu Lan7,8,9

  • 1Acoustic Science and Technology Laboratory, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|July 24, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Researchers created an underwater spiral wave sound source using three phased transducers. This novel device successfully generates spiral sound waves, validated through simulations and pool experiments.

Keywords:
finite elementphase directivityphased arrayspiral sound wave

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Area of Science:

  • Acoustics
  • Underwater acoustics
  • Phased array systems

Background:

  • Spiral sound waves offer unique acoustic properties for underwater applications.
  • Generating controlled spiral sound fields requires precise manipulation of acoustic waves.
  • Phased array technology enables beamforming and complex sound field generation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and realize an underwater spiral wave sound source.
  • To investigate the generation and characteristics of spiral sound fields.
  • To validate the performance of the fabricated sound source.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized three omni-directional spherical transducers with controlled phase differences.
  • Applied superposition theory to derive sound field pressure distribution.
  • Employed finite element method (FEM) for simulation and design.
  • Conducted experimental measurements in a reverberation pool.

Main Results:

  • Successfully generated an underwater spiral sound wave.
  • FEM simulations verified the spiral wave field generation.
  • Experimental results confirmed the device's capability to produce spiral sound.
  • At 3.5 kHz, phase directivity showed a ±21° fluctuation and amplitude directivity was 4.3 dB.

Conclusions:

  • The fabricated three-transducer array effectively generates an underwater spiral sound wave.
  • The study validates the theoretical model and FEM simulations for spiral wave generation.
  • The developed spiral wave sound source has potential applications in underwater acoustics.