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    Astronauts face manganese exposure risks on Mars. New Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations (SMACs) limit manganese and total dust exposure to protect against neurocognitive and respiratory effects.

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    Area of Science:

    • Space toxicology
    • Environmental health
    • Risk assessment

    Background:

    • Manganese (Mn) exposure can cause neurotoxicity and subclinical cognitive effects in humans.
    • NASA astronauts will encounter Mars regolith, necessitating exposure limits.
    • Existing epidemiological data highlights chronic, low-level manganese exposure risks.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To establish Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations (SMACs) for manganese exposure for astronauts.
    • To develop limits for total dust exposure considering manganese content in Martian regolith.
    • To protect astronaut health against neurocognitive and respiratory effects from dust exposure.

    Main Methods:

    • Conducted an extensive literature review of multiple databases for manganese toxicity and SMAC derivation.
    • Searched for Mars dust composition data, including manganese content.
    • Applied risk assessment methodologies, adjusting for space-specific susceptibility to develop exposure limits.

    Main Results:

    • Established manganese SMACs ranging from 3 mg·m⁻³ (1-hour exposure) to 0.0079 mg·m⁻³ (1000-day exposure).
    • Calculated maximum recommended total dust exposure limits based on 0.38 wt% manganese content in Martian dust.
    • Recommended total dust exposure limits from 790 mg·m⁻³ (1-hour) to 2 mg·m⁻³ (1000-day).

    Conclusions:

    • Identified relevant studies to inform the development of manganese SMACs for space missions.
    • Manganese is a key component, but other dust elements may influence bioavailability and require consideration.
    • Developed SMACs are protective against neurocognitive and respiratory effects, even with transient high-concentration exposures.