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Related Concept Videos

RNA Stability01:53

RNA Stability

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Intact DNA strands can be found in fossils, while scientists sometimes struggle to keep RNA intact under laboratory conditions. The structural variations between RNA and DNA underlie the differences in their stability and longevity. Because DNA is double-stranded, it is inherently more stable. The single-stranded structure of RNA is less stable but also more flexible and can form weak internal bonds. Additionally, most RNAs in the cell are relatively short, while DNA can be up to 250 million...
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The flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to mRNA to protein is described by the central dogma, which states that genes specify the sequence of mRNAs, which in turn specify the sequence of amino acids making up all proteins. The decoding of one molecule to another is performed by specific proteins and RNAs. Because the information stored in DNA is so central to cellular function, it makes intuitive sense that the cell would make mRNA copies of this information for protein synthesis...
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RNA Structure01:23

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The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
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RNA Splicing01:32

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Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
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Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria use a single RNA Polymerase (RNAP) to transcribe all genes. The different subunits of bacterial RNAPhave distinct functions. The multisubunit structure of the bacterial RNAP helps the enzyme to maintain catalytic function, facilitate assembly, interact with DNA and RNA, and self-regulate its activity.
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Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases00:58

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RNA Polymerase (RNAP) is conserved in all animals, with bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic RNAPs sharing significant sequence, structural, and functional similarities. Among the three eukaryotic RNAPs, RNA Polymerase II is most similar to bacterial RNAP in terms of both structural organization and folding topologies of the enzyme subunits. However, these similarities are not reflected in their mechanism of action.
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Rare Event Detection Using Error-corrected DNA and RNA Sequencing
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Advances in DNA/RNA detection using nanotechnology.

Hong Zhou1, Jing Liu1, Jing-Juan Xu2

  • 1Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Tumor Markers, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi, China.

Advances in Clinical Chemistry
|July 24, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Nanotechnology enhances nucleic acid detection for genetic diseases and infections by overcoming limitations in sensitivity and specificity. This review highlights advanced strategies and applications for precise DNA/RNA analysis.

Keywords:
DNA/RNA biosensorNanoparticlesNucleic acids nanotechnologyPoint-of-care-testingSignal amplificationSignal transduction

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Nanotechnology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Accurate nucleic acid detection is crucial for diagnosing genetic diseases, identifying infections, and monitoring treatments.
  • Limited target nucleic acid quantities and insufficient sensitivity/specificity of direct sensing methods pose significant challenges.
  • Advances in nanotechnology offer powerful solutions for ultra-high sensitivity and specificity in nucleic acid detection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of nanotechnology-based strategies for nucleic acid detection.
  • To review recent advancements and applications in DNA/RNA detection using nanotechnology.
  • To discuss current challenges and future trends in the field.

Main Methods:

  • Overview of nanotechnology integration for nucleic acid detection.
  • Exploration of optical and electrical detection methods.
  • Discussion of nucleic acid assistant recycling amplification strategies.

Main Results:

  • Nanotechnology-based bioassays demonstrate ultra-high sensitivity and specificity for nucleic acid detection.
  • Recent examples showcase promising applications in DNA/RNA detection with improved mechanisms.
  • Proof-of-concept studies highlight the potential of these advanced methods.

Conclusions:

  • Nanotechnology offers significant improvements for sensitive and specific nucleic acid detection.
  • Continued research is needed to address unresolved issues and explore future trends.
  • Nanotechnology-based approaches hold great promise for both fundamental research and practical applications in diagnostics.