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Related Concept Videos

Ions as Acids and Bases02:54

Ions as Acids and Bases

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Salts with Acidic Ions
Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions, either of which may be capable of undergoing an acid or base ionization reaction with water. Aqueous salt solutions, therefore, may be acidic, basic, or neutral, depending on the relative acid-base strengths of the salt’s constituent ions. For example, dissolving the ammonium chloride in water results in its dissociation, as described by the equation:
26.2K
Standard Electrode Potentials03:02

Standard Electrode Potentials

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On comparing the reactivity of silver and lead, it is observed that the two ionic species, Ag+ (aq) and Pb2+ (aq), show a difference in their redox reactivity towards copper: the silver ion undergoes spontaneous reduction, while the lead ion does not. This relative redox activity can be easily quantified in electrochemical cells by a property called cell potential. This property is commonly known as cell voltage in electrochemistry, and it is a measure of the energy which accompanies the charge...
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Common Ion Effect03:24

Common Ion Effect

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Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Châtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
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Ion Channels01:19

Ion Channels

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The movement of ions like sodium, potassium, and calcium into and out of the cell is essential to maintain the electrochemical gradient in living cells. The ion channels—a class of membrane transport proteins—help maintain this ionic gradient for the smooth functioning of physiological activities such as maintaining cell size and volume, conducting nerve impulses, and gas and nutrient exchange.
Ion channels are specialized integral membrane proteins on the plasma membrane that allow...
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Precipitation of Ions03:11

Precipitation of Ions

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Predicting Precipitation
The equation that describes the equilibrium between solid calcium carbonate and its solvated ions is:
30.0K
Formation of Complex Ions03:45

Formation of Complex Ions

25.8K
A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Multi-analyte Biochip MAB Based on All-solid-state Ion-selective Electrodes ASSISE for Physiological Research
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PVC-Based Ion-Selective Electrodes with a Silicone Rubber Outer Coating with Improved Analytical Performance.

Narender Kumar Joon1, Ning He1, Tautgirdas Ruzgas2

  • 1Åbo Akademi University , Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry , Biskopsgatan 8 , FI-20500 Turku /Åbo , Finland.

Analytical Chemistry
|July 24, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Adding a silicone rubber (SR) layer to potassium-selective electrodes (K+ -ISEs) significantly improves potential reproducibility and reduces biofouling. This enhancement is achieved without compromising selectivity, making SR a promising coating for potentiometric sensors.

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Evaluation of Drug Sorption to PVC- and Non-PVC-based Tubes in Administration Sets Using a Pump
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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Potentiometric ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) are crucial for ion concentration measurements.
  • Conventional poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)-based ISEs can suffer from poor reproducibility and biofouling.
  • Improving the stability and reducing biofouling of ISEs is essential for reliable sensing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of an outer pure silicone rubber (SR) layer on the performance of PVC-based potassium-selective electrodes (K+ -ISEs).
  • To evaluate the effect of SR coating on selectivity, reproducibility, and biofouling.
  • To determine the feasibility of SR as a protective and performance-enhancing layer for ISEs.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of solid-contact K+ -ISEs with and without an outer SR coating.
  • Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to confirm component distribution.
  • Testing of selectivity and reproducibility of standard potentials.
  • Assessment of bovine serum albumin (BSA) adsorption to evaluate biofouling.

Main Results:

  • The SR coating did not alter the selectivity of the K+ -ISE, indicating spontaneous diffusion of membrane components into the SR layer.
  • Reproducibility of the standard potential significantly improved from ±35.3 mV to ±3.5 mV with the SR coating.
  • Adsorption of BSA was significantly reduced on the SR-coated membrane, indicating reduced biofouling.

Conclusions:

  • A pure silicone rubber (SR) outer layer is a feasible addition to conventional PVC-based K+ -ISEs.
  • SR coating enhances the analytical performance by improving potential reproducibility.
  • SR coating effectively reduces biofouling, making it beneficial for potentiometric ion sensors.