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How Do Addressees Exploit Conventionalizations? From a Negative Reference to an ad hoc Implicature.

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Summary

Listeners use context to interpret negative references. When choosing between two objects, they prefer unnamed unconventional items, especially if a named object is also present, relying on pragmatic inference.

Keywords:
ad hoc implicatureconventionseye-trackingnegationpragmaticsreference

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Area of Science:

  • Psycholinguistics
  • Cognitive Science
  • Pragmatics

Background:

  • Negative references require pragmatic inference to identify intended objects.
  • Listeners avoid previously named objects when interpreting ambiguous negative references.
  • Previous research indicates a preference for unnamed, unconventional objects in ambiguous referential tasks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how naming and visual conventionality of objects influence interpretation of negative references.
  • To extend previous findings on referential ambiguity resolution with negative statements.
  • To explore the role of ad hoc implicature in resolving referential uncertainty.

Main Methods:

  • Visual-world eye-tracking paradigm to monitor participant attention and selection patterns.
  • Systematic variation of object features: naming status (named/unnamed) and visual conventionality (conventional/unconventional).
  • Analysis of selection patterns and eye-movements in response to negative referential statements.

Main Results:

  • Participants chose randomly when both remaining objects were unconventional and unnamed.
  • A preference for the unnamed unconventional object was observed when the alternative object was named.
  • Unnamed conventional objects yielded similar, though weaker, preferences for the unnamed unconventional object compared to named unconventional objects.

Conclusions:

  • Object naming and visual conventionality significantly impact the resolution of negative references.
  • Listeners employ ad hoc implicatures, considering which objects can be eliminated based on naming status.
  • The study confirms and extends the role of pragmatic inference in understanding linguistically underspecified referential cues.