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Related Concept Videos

Kinetic Energy00:23

Kinetic Energy

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Kinetic energy is the ability of an object in motion to do work or enact change. It can take on many forms. For instance, water flowing down a waterfall has kinetic energy. In biological systems, particles of light travel and are absorbed by plants to create chemical energy. Animals consume the chemical energy and give off molecules that carry their scent through the air. They also generate kinetic energy when they run away from predators. Entire systems also possess kinetic energy, like the...
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Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy of the reactants. The speed at which the enzyme turns reactants into products is called the rate of reaction. Several factors impact the rate of reaction, including the number of available reactants. Enzyme kinetics is the study of how an enzyme changes the rate of a reaction.
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The kinetic molecular theory qualitatively explains the behaviors described by the various gas laws. The postulates of this theory may be applied in a more quantitative fashion to derive these individual laws.
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Consider a truck trying to pull a stationary car. As the truck exerts a force on the car, static friction is created at the point of contact between the two surfaces. This frictional force resists the car's movement and keeps it at rest. However, when the applied force by the truck surpasses the limiting static frictional force, an interesting phenomenon occurs. The frictional force at the interface reduces to a lower value, known as the kinetic frictional force. At this point, the car...
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Kinetic Energy - I01:18

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It’s plausible to suppose that the greater the velocity of a body, the greater effect it could have on other bodies. This does not depend on the direction of the velocity, only its magnitude. At the end of the seventeenth century, a quantity was introduced into mechanics to explain collisions between two perfectly elastic bodies, in which one body makes a head-on collision with an identical body at rest. When they collide, the first body stops, and the second body moves off with the...
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Related Experiment Video

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High-throughput Saccharification Assay for Lignocellulosic Materials
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Kinetic modeling of countercurrent saccharification.

Chao Liang1, Chao Gu2, M Nazmul Karim1

  • 11Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3122 USA.

Biotechnology for Biofuels
|July 24, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Continuum Particle Distribution Modeling (CPDM) simulates countercurrent enzymatic saccharification, reducing time and enzyme use. This model accurately predicts glucose concentrations and conversions for lignocellulose processing.

Keywords:
CPDMCountercurrentSaccharificationSimulationSugar

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Biochemical Engineering
  • Renewable Energy

Background:

  • Countercurrent saccharification offers high conversion and product concentration with minimized enzyme loading.
  • Traditional methods require extensive time (3-4 months) for single data points, necessitating process simulation.
  • A suitable kinetic model for countercurrent saccharification was previously unreported.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To apply Continuum Particle Distribution Modeling (CPDM) to simulate countercurrent enzymatic saccharification of lignocellulose.
  • To develop and validate a kinetic model for predicting process performance.
  • To optimize operating conditions and compare countercurrent with batch saccharification.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Continuum Particle Distribution Modeling (CPDM) to simulate multi-stage countercurrent saccharification of α-cellulose.
  • Employed a modified HCH-1 model as the governing equation within the CPDM framework.
  • Validated the model against experimental countercurrent saccharification data.

Main Results:

  • CPDM accurately predicted glucose concentrations (3.5% average error) and conversions (4.7% average error).
  • The model identified key parameters influencing glucose concentration and conversion, including enzyme addition location, enzyme loading, liquid residence time (LRT), and solids loading rate (SLR).
  • Countercurrent saccharification demonstrated particular benefits over batch processes at low product concentrations.

Conclusions:

  • CPDM provides a validated simulation tool for multi-stage countercurrent enzymatic saccharification of lignocellulose.
  • The model accurately predicts glucose concentrations and conversions, agreeing well with experimental data.
  • Countercurrent saccharification is advantageous, especially at low product concentrations, offering significant improvements over batch methods.