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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Epigenetic Regulation01:37

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Animal Mitochondrial Genetics02:59

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Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
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Export of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genes02:19

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A eukaryotic cell can have up to three different types of genetic systems: nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast. During evolution, organelles have exported many genes to the nucleus; this transfer is still ongoing in some plant species. Approximately 18% of the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear genome is thought to be derived from the chloroplast’s cyanobacterial ancestor, and around 75% of the yeast genome derived from the mitochondria’s bacterial ancestor. This export has occurred...
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Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes02:16

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The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
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Gene-Environment Interactions01:20

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Gene expression is a dynamic process that is significantly influenced by environmental factors. This interaction underlies the complex nature of biological development and the phenotypic differences observed among individuals, even among those with identical genetic makeups. Factors such as radiation, temperature, behavior, nutrition, and stress play pivotal roles in determining how genes are expressed. The concept of the reaction range is central to understanding this interaction. It posits...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

An Engineered Split-TET2 Enzyme for Chemical-inducible DNA Hydroxymethylation and Epigenetic Remodeling
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Mitochondrial DNA: Epigenetics and environment.

Nidhi Sharma1, Monica S Pasala1, Aishwarya Prakash1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mitchell Cancer Institute, The University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama.

Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis
|July 24, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) epigenetic regulation by methylation and noncoding RNAs is crucial for cellular health. Environmental factors and xenobiotics can impact mtDNA methylation, influencing disease risk.

Keywords:
mitochondrial epigeneticsmitochondrial post-translational modificationsmtDNA methylationnoncoding RNAsxenobiotics

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Area of Science:

  • Mitochondrial biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Molecular toxicology

Background:

  • Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) maintenance is vital for cellular function.
  • Mitochondria rely on nuclear-encoded proteins, alongside mtDNA-encoded ones, for function.
  • Epigenetic modifications and post-translational changes regulate mtDNA and mitochondrial proteins, impacting cellular homeostasis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of the epigenetic regulation of mtDNA.
  • To highlight the role of methylation, noncoding RNAs, and protein modifications in mtDNA regulation.
  • To examine the influence of xenobiotics on mtDNA methylation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on mtDNA epigenetic regulation.
  • Discussion of methylation and demethylation mechanisms within mitochondria.
  • Analysis of noncoding RNA and post-translational modification roles.

Main Results:

  • Mitochondrial DNA methylation extent and demethylation mechanisms are active research areas.
  • Epigenetic changes in mtDNA can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction.
  • Xenobiotics like pollutants and drugs can affect mtDNA methylation.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic regulation, including methylation and noncoding RNAs, is essential for mtDNA maintenance.
  • Mitochondrial dysfunction due to epigenetic alterations is linked to various diseases.
  • Environmental factors significantly influence mtDNA methylation patterns.