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In psychology, concepts can be divided into two categories: natural and artificial. Natural concepts are formed through direct or indirect experiences. For example, consider the concept of snow. If you live in a place with regular snowfall, such as Essex Junction, Vermont, you know snow through direct experiences. You’ve seen it fall, touched it, shoveled it, and played in it. You recognize its texture, appearance, and even its smell. In contrast, if you live on an island like Saint...
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In contrast to the lytic cycle, phages infecting bacteria via the lysogenic cycle do not immediately kill their host cell. Instead, they combine their genome with the host genome, allowing the bacteria to replicate the phage DNA along with the bacterial genome. The incorporated copy of the phage genome is called the prophage. Some prophages can re-activate and enter the lytic cycle. This often occurs in response to a perturbation, such as DNA damage, but can also transpire in the absence of...
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Many human characteristics, like height, are shaped by both nature—in other words, by our genes—and by nurture, or our environment. For example, chronic stress during childhood inhibits the production of growth hormones and consequently reduces bone growth and height. Scientists estimate that 70-90% of variation in height is due to genetic differences among individuals, and 10-30% of variation in height is due to differences in the environments that individuals experience,...
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Bacteriophages in Natural and Artificial Environments.

Steven Batinovic1, Flavia Wassef1, Sarah A Knowler1

  • 1Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia.

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)
|July 25, 2019
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Summary

Bacteriophages (phages), the most abundant biological entities, significantly impact bacterial communities in natural and artificial environments. This review explores their roles and potential pharmaceutical applications.

Keywords:
bacteriophageenvironmenthuman bodyphage biocontrolphage therapypharmaceutical productssoilwastewaterwater

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Environmental Science
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Bacteriophages (phages) are ubiquitous and abundant biological entities.
  • Phages play a crucial role in regulating bacterial community composition and function.
  • Understanding phage ecology is vital for various environmental and biotechnological applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the distribution of phages in natural and artificial environments.
  • To elucidate the impact of phages on bacterial communities in diverse settings.
  • To explore the potential of phage manipulation for pharmaceutical applications.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on phage distribution and impact.
  • Analysis of phage roles in the human body, marine, and soil environments.
  • Examination of phage presence and effects in wastewater treatment, industrial processes, and pharmaceuticals.

Main Results:

  • Phages are abundant in natural environments (human body, soil, marine), contributing to bacterial homeostasis.
  • In artificial environments (wastewater, industrial processes), phages can inhibit or eliminate specific bacterial populations.
  • Phages show potential for targeted bacterial control in various applications.

Conclusions:

  • Phages are key players in microbial ecology across natural and artificial ecosystems.
  • Phage-bacterial interactions present both challenges and opportunities in environmental management and industry.
  • Phage manipulation offers promising avenues for developing novel pharmaceutical interventions.