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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Cord01:26

Spinal Cord

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The spinal cord, a critical component of the central nervous system, extends from the base of the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It is essential for maintaining physical stability and facilitating communication between the brain and peripheral parts of the body.
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The Spinal Cord01:54

The Spinal Cord

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The spinal cord is the body’s major nerve tract of the central nervous system, communicating afferent sensory information from the periphery to the brain and efferent motor information from the brain to the body. The human spinal cord extends from the hole at the base of the skull, or foramen magnum, to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra.
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Analgesia and Pain Management01:25

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Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
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Spinal Cord: Information Processing01:10

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The spinal cord is an integral hub for motor and sensory information that enables the brain to communicate with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). This communication consists of relaying sensory data and transmission of motor commands.
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Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy01:15

Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy

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The spinal cord resides within the protective confines of the vertebral column. It is the main pathway for information traveling between the brain and the body. It plays a fundamental role in nearly all bodily functions, from simple reflexes to complex motor movements. The spinal cord begins at the medulla oblongata at the base of the brainstem and extends downward, terminating at the conus medullaris near the first and second lumbar vertebrae. The spinal cord's length in adults is...
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Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy01:16

Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy

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The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord offers a detailed view of its complex structure and function within the central nervous system. At the core of the spinal cord lies the gray matter, characterized by its butterfly or "H"-shaped appearance in cross-section. This central region is enveloped by white matter, with the overall structure divided into symmetrical halves by the dorsal median sulcus and the ventral median fissure.
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Central to the gray matter is...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Paradigms of Lower Extremity Electrical Stimulation Training After Spinal Cord Injury
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Spinal cord stimulation: Beyond pain management.

J H Tapia Pérez1

  • 1Department of Spine Surgery, Leopoldina-Krankenhaus der Stadt Schweinfurt, Schweinfurt, Alemania.

Neurologia
|July 25, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) effectively manages neuropathic pain and shows promise for other conditions. Advances in SCS technology aim to improve efficacy and reduce complications, potentially lowering costs for wider application.

Keywords:
Chronic painDolor crónicoMédula espinalNeuroestimulaciónNeurostimulationSpinal cord

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Area of Science:

  • Neuromodulation
  • Pain Management
  • Neurosurgery

Background:

  • Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) originated from the gate control theory of pain.
  • Initially developed for pain, its applications have expanded.
  • Significant advancements have been made over 50 years of SCS development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current indications for spinal cord stimulation (SCS).
  • To explore both pain and non-pain-related applications of SCS.
  • To discuss the evolution and future potential of SCS.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current spinal cord stimulation (SCS) paradigms: tonic, burst, and high-frequency stimulation.
  • Analysis of SCS efficacy in various pain conditions, including neuropathic pain, failed back surgery syndrome, complex regional pain syndrome, diabetic neuropathy, radiculopathy, and low back pain.
  • Exploration of non-pain indications such as movement disorders, spasticity, and spinal cord injury sequelae.

Main Results:

  • Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is most effective for neuropathic pain, particularly in failed back surgery syndrome.
  • Positive outcomes are observed in complex regional pain syndrome, diabetic neuropathy, radiculopathy, and low back pain.
  • Evidence for efficacy in phantom pain, vascular disease, and cancer pain is limited; however, non-pain applications in movement disorders and spasticity are noted.

Conclusions:

  • Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has evolved significantly over 50 years.
  • Improvements in hardware and software may enhance SCS effectiveness and reduce complications.
  • Reducing costs could expand SCS indications to other diseases and increase its overall use.