Pathogenetic factors involved in recurrent pregnancy loss from multiple aspects

Area of Science:

• Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine
• Immunology
• Endocrinology

Background:

• Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) impacts approximately 5% of women of reproductive age.
• Despite research, nearly 50% of RPL cases remain without a clear cause.
• Pregnancy involves complex maternal-fetal interactions crucial for successful gestation.

Purpose of the Study:

• To comprehensively review the multifaceted causes of recurrent pregnancy loss.
• To highlight the role of immune and endocrine factors in RPL.
• To consolidate current understanding of RPL etiology from diverse perspectives.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of scientific articles and clinical studies on recurrent pregnancy loss.
• Analysis of factors including immune responses, inflammation, and specific molecular pathways.
• Synthesis of data from obstetrics, immunology, and endocrinology research.

Main Results:

• Immune system components like T cells and natural killer cells play a role in implantation.
• Inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor and colony-stimulating factor can impede embryo implantation.
• Vitamin D and microRNA are implicated in regulating glucose metabolism and gene expression affecting embryonic development.

Conclusions:

• Recurrent pregnancy loss is a complex condition with various contributing factors.
• Immune dysregulation and hormonal imbalances are significant contributors to RPL.
• Further research into these factors is essential for improving RPL diagnosis and treatment.